{"id":1344,"date":"2023-08-23T10:53:39","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T08:53:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/uncategorized\/strategie-rozhodovani-u-otazek-na-frekvenci-chovani\/"},"modified":"2023-09-15T15:40:43","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T13:40:43","slug":"decision-making-strategy-concerning-questions-about-the-frequency-of-behavior","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/articles\/decision-making-strategy-concerning-questions-about-the-frequency-of-behavior\/","title":{"rendered":"Decision-making Strategy Concerning Questionsabout the Frequency of Behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Decision-making Strategy Concerning Questions about the Frequency of Behavior<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstrakt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1ce \u201eStrategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed u ot\u00e1zek na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 strategiemi rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu kognitivn\u00edho procesu odpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed na otev\u0159en\u00e9 i uzav\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 se na frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed dotazuj\u00ed. Teoretick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pr\u00e1ce popisuje, v \u010dem spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, a p\u0159edstavuje \u0159adu faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vliv na volbu t\u011bchto strategi\u00ed. Analytick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pr\u00e1ce je zalo\u017eena na kvalitativn\u00edm metodologick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu pomoc\u00ed metody kognitivn\u00edho interview. Popisuje jednotliv\u00e9 druhy strategi\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u010de\u0161t\u00ed respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a frekvenci jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Dosp\u00edv\u00e1 k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii odhadu \u010dast\u011bji, ne\u017e strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud se v\u0161ak rozhoduj\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed,
kter\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed naopak strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji, ne\u017e jin\u00e9 strategie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article “Response strategies of behavioral frequency questions” deals with response strategies that respondents use to determine the frequency of behavior during the cognitive process of answering to the open-ended as well as closed behavioral frequency questions. The theoretical part describes different response strategies used by respondents and deals with variety of factors that influence the choice of these strategies. The analytical part is based on a qualitative research method of cognitive interview. It describes different types of response strategies used by Czech respondents and deals with the frequency of their use. The article concludes that the estimation strategy is used more frequently than the episodic enumeration strategy. However the episodic enumeration strategy is still used more frequently than the other strategies when deciding on the frequency of regular behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ot\u00e1zky na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed; kognitivn\u00ed proces; strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed; metodologie; kognitivn\u00ed rozhovor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Behavioral frequency questions; cognitive process; response strategies; methodology; cognitive interview<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snad ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdzkum m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fd velkou \u0159adou chyb, spojen\u00fdch s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi f\u00e1zemi v\u00fdzkumu. (Groves 2004) Problematice r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f chyb spojen\u00fdch s vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje, v\u00fdb\u011brem vhodn\u00fdch respondent\u016f, sb\u011brem dat \u010di anal\u00fdzou t\u011bchto dat je v\u011bnov\u00e1no velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed studi\u00ed. Av\u0161ak ne v\u0161em oblastem metodologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu je v\u011bnov\u00e1na stejn\u011b velk\u00e1 pozornost. Jednou z oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byla v \u010desk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u011bnov\u00e1na mal\u00e1 pozornost, jsou chyby spojen\u00e9 s ot\u00e1zkami na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00edm ze zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak lze zkoumat chyby spojen\u00e9 s odpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm na ot\u00e1zky na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, je anal\u00fdza kognitivn\u00edch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v mysli respondenta p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu tohoto procesu se respondent obvykle sna\u017e\u00ed porozum\u011bt ot\u00e1zce, vybavit si p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace z pam\u011bti, rozhodnout se o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u011bjak\u00e9 strategie a nakonec p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobit odpov\u011b\u010f nab\u00eddce odpov\u011bd\u00ed, spole\u010densk\u00e9mu o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158ada v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f dok\u00e1zala, \u017ee strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed b\u011bhem kognitivn\u00edho procesu vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku, hraj\u00ed v tomto procesu v\u00fdznamnou roli. Pou\u017eit\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed vede k odli\u0161n\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi na polo\u017eenou ot\u00e1zku. (Schwarz, Bless, Bohner a kol. 1991; Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998 a dal\u0161\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce porozum\u00edme proces\u016fm, pomoc\u00ed nich\u017e lid\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zky, t\u00edm v\u00edce m\u016f\u017eeme zlep\u0161it kvalitu ot\u00e1zek na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159esnost odpov\u011bd\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esnost odpov\u011bd\u00ed a kvalita ot\u00e1zek na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed je pro evalu\u00e1tory, kte\u0159\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tento typ ot\u00e1zek jak u dotazn\u00edkov\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, tak u dal\u0161\u00edch evalua\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. D\u00edky hlub\u0161\u00edmu porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem respondent dosp\u00edv\u00e1 k odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, mohou evalu\u00e1to\u0159i vylep\u0161ovat evalua\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f programu nebo intervenc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ot\u00e1zky na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ot\u00e1zky na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumech r\u016fzn\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Hojn\u011b jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na u soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a marketingov\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdci je pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumech volebn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kriminality, konzumace alkoholu a cigaret, sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity, zdravotn\u00edch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu apod. (Blair, Burton 1987: 280; Schwarz, Oyserman 2001: 128) Tyto ot\u00e1zky jsou dnes tak\u00e9 b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed marketingov\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f. Zji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed se podle nich n\u00e1kupn\u00ed a spot\u0159ebn\u00ed trendy z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f a prov\u00e1d\u00ed se p\u0159edpov\u011bdi o velikosti trhu a pod\u00edlech jednotliv\u00fdch zna\u010dek na trhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V oblasti evaluac\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt ot\u00e1zky na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017eity nap\u0159\u00edklad v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b evaluace proces\u016f, kdy je \u00fa\u010delem evaluace zlep\u0161it program (slu\u017ebu \u010di intervenci), tzn. naj\u00edt odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem lze dan\u00fd program (slu\u017ebu \u010di intervenci) zm\u011bnit tak, aby l\u00e9pe dosahoval pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f. Tyto ot\u00e1zky mohou b\u00fdt vyu\u017eity tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed programu (slu\u017eby \u010di intervence), tzn., kdy\u017e je evaluace prov\u00e1d\u011bna za \u00fa\u010delem vyhodnocen\u00ed toho, co se d\u011bje v pr\u016fb\u011bhu realizace programu, jak\u00e9 procesy zde prob\u00edhaj\u00ed, a jestli v\u0161e funguje tak, jak bylo pl\u00e1nov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K tomu, aby respondent odpov\u011bd\u011bl na ot\u00e1zku na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b, je nutn\u00e9, aby byla spln\u011bna \u0159ada podm\u00ednek. Mezi t\u0159i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky pat\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee si respondent mus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopen vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou informaci z pam\u011bti. (Schwarz, Bienias 1990; Bless, Bohner, Hild, Schwarz 1992) K vybaven\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi tak\u00e9 mus\u00ed m\u00edt dostatek \u010dasu. (Stock\u00e9 2004) Ot\u00e1zka nesm\u00ed v\u00e9st nap\u0159\u00edklad k efektu social desirability, tedy ke zm\u011bn\u011b odpov\u011bdi, aby byla v souladu se spole\u010densk\u00fdm o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm. (Sudman, Bradburn 1974) Tyto podm\u00ednky jsou v\u0161ak m\u00e1lokdy spln\u011bny. (Menon, Yorkston in Stone a kol. 2000: 64)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce je pro respondenta t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b si vybavit odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, t\u00edm v\u00edce je jeho odpov\u011b\u010f ovlivn\u011bna dal\u0161\u00edmi vlivy. (Bless, Bohner, Hild 1992: 311; Schwarz, Oyserman 2001: 127; Stock\u00e9 2004: 50) Odpov\u011b\u010f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bna zejm\u00e9na kontextem v\u00fdzkumu, pou\u017eit\u00fdmi slovy, d\u00e9lkou referen\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed nebo pou\u017eit\u00edm uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho \u010di otev\u0159en\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu ot\u00e1zky. (Schwarz, Oyserman 2001)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti mohou v pr\u016fb\u011bhu procesu vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e9 strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto vede k odli\u0161n\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi na danou ot\u00e1zku. (Schwarz, Bless, Bohner 1991; Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed ze strategi\u00ed, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, je pou\u017eit\u00ed nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce pro vlastn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Schwarz, Bienias 1990; Bless, Bohner, Hild, Schwarz 1992)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti \u010dasto p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee st\u0159ed \u0161k\u00e1ly ud\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brnou frekvenci dotazovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti a rozp\u011bt\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly ud\u00e1v\u00e1 rozmez\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m se lid\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u011b pohybuj\u00ed. Krajn\u00ed odpov\u011bdi zastupuj\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed frekvence dan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed v populaci. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee respondenti pou\u017eij\u00ed nab\u00eddku odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro hodnocen\u00ed vlastn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, rozhoduj\u00ed se o odpov\u011bdi podle toho, nakolik d\u011blaj\u00ed dotazovanou \u010dinnost pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b, podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b, nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b nebo hodn\u011b \u010dasto a podobn\u011b. (Schwarz 1999: 97-98; Schwarz, Bienias 1990: 63)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nab\u00eddku odpov\u011bd\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro odhad chov\u00e1n\u00ed pouze respondenti, ale tak\u00e9 odborn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed hodnot\u00ed v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu.[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed podle nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce m\u00e1 vliv na odpov\u011bdi respondent\u016f. Tento vliv byl zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n pomoc\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed a vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly odpov\u011bd\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee respondenti odpov\u00eddali na ot\u00e1zku s vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lou nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed, dosp\u011bli k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee odpov\u00eddali na ot\u00e1zku s n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lou nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed.[2] (Bless, Bohner, Hild, Schwarz 1992; Schwarz, Bienias 1990; Stock\u00e9 2004)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 obecnou tendenci vyh\u00fdbat se extr\u00e9mn\u00edm odpov\u011bd\u00edm, tedy nepou\u017e\u00edvat krajn\u00ed body \u0161k\u00e1ly nab\u00edzen\u00fdch odpov\u011bd\u00ed. (Vinopal 2008: 44)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ze strategi\u00ed, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed, je strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. Tuto strategii lze rozd\u011blit na dva subtypy, kter\u00e9 je pot\u0159eba mezi sebou rozli\u0161ovat. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998) Prvn\u00edm subtypem je strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.[3] Druh\u00fdm subtypem je strategie sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu na dotazovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed respondenti identifikuj\u00ed dan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, vybav\u00ed si z pam\u011bti v\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edpady tohoto chov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem dan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed doby a tyto jednotliv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady se\u010dtou, aby dosp\u011bli k frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Schwarz in Stone a kol. 2007: 16)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f vede sp\u00ed\u0161e k podce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ne\u017e p\u0159ece\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed tendenci zapom\u00ednat nebo si nevybavit jednotliv\u00e9 epizody dan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00fdm subtypem strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed je sou\u010det a p\u0159evod na dotazovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. P\u0159i t\u00e9to strategii respondenti se\u010dtou frekvenci za ur\u010dit\u00e9 obdob\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b tuto frekvenci zn\u00e1sob\u00ed na referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 se pt\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998) Nap\u0159\u00edklad respondent p\u0159i odpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku, kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc \u0161el cvi\u010dit do posilovny, se\u010dte, \u017ee chod\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed, st\u0159edu a p\u00e1tek, tak\u017ee t\u0159ikr\u00e1t za t\u00fdden. Tento sou\u010det n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyn\u00e1sob\u00ed \u010dty\u0159mi, aby zjistil frekvenci za m\u011bs\u00edc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ze strategi\u00ed, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed, je strategie odhadu. Tuto strategii lze rozd\u011blit na t\u0159i subtypy, strategii odhadu na z\u00e1klad\u011b kontextu, strategii hrub\u00e9ho odhadu a strategii odhadu a p\u0159evodu na dotazovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998; Menon 1993)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i strategii odhadu na z\u00e1klad\u011b kontextu prov\u00e1d\u00ed respondenti odhad pomoc\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho kontextu, se kter\u00fdm maj\u00ed dan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed v pam\u011bti spojen\u00e9. (Menon, Yorkston in Stone a kol. 2000: 72-73) Kontext m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad tematick\u00fd nebo \u010dasov\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm subtypem je strategie hrub\u00e9ho odhadu. P\u0159i t\u00e9to strategii respondenti odhaduj\u00ed frekvenci na z\u00e1klad\u011b obecn\u00e9ho dojmu, jak \u010dasto danou \u010dinnost d\u011blaj\u00ed. Nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 n\u00e1pov\u011bdy v podob\u011b kontextu. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998: 349)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posledn\u00ed ze subtyp\u016f strategie odhadu je odhad a p\u0159evod na dotazovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. P\u0159i t\u00e9to strategii respondent odhadne frekvenci za ur\u010dit\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b tuto frekvenci vyn\u00e1sob\u00ed podle d\u00e9lky referen\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 se pt\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998: 349) Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i odpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku, kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc si koupil \u010dokol\u00e1du, respondent odhadne, \u017ee za minul\u00fd t\u00fdden to bylo asi dvakr\u00e1t. Tento odhad n\u00e1sledn\u011b zn\u00e1sob\u00ed \u010dty\u0159mi, aby zjistil frekvenci za m\u011bs\u00edc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Vlivy na volbu strategie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozhodnut\u00ed, jakou strategii respondent k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eije, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bno velkou \u0159adou faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chov\u00e1n\u00ed obvykle nen\u00ed v pam\u011bti ulo\u017een\u00e9 v podob\u011b izolovan\u00fdch ud\u00e1losti, ale jako s\u00edt\u011b r\u016fzn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed spojen\u00e9 s ur\u010dit\u00fdm kontextem. Kontext mohou tvo\u0159it \u010dinnosti, p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, lid\u00e9, m\u00edsta, \u010dasov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed a podobn\u011b. (Schwarz, Oyserman 2001: 137) Nap\u0159\u00edklad chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201epit\u00ed alkoholu\u201c m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v pam\u011bti spojen\u00e9 s oslavou, n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvou nov\u00e9ho klubu, s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00e1teli a podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud si respondenti p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed vybav\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 kontextov\u00e9 informace dotazovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, l\u00e9pe si d\u00edky tomu vybav\u00ed frekvenci p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnosti v\u00fdsledku u dan\u00e9 strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Menon 1997)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jakou strategii respondent pou\u017eije, ovliv\u0148uje tak\u00e9 d\u00e9lka referen\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 se ot\u00e1zka pt\u00e1. (Winkielman, Knauper, and Schwarz 1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je obecn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed tendenci si l\u00e9pe vybavovat nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1losti a zapom\u00ednat star\u0161\u00ed. Pokud v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk stanov\u00ed u ot\u00e1zky relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, respondenti budou \u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvat strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, ne\u017e pokud pou\u017eije dlouh\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Nev\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee respondent m\u016f\u017ee d\u011blat danou \u010dinnost m\u00e1lo \u010dasto a za kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee ji d\u011bl\u00e1 0x. Na druhou stranu u del\u0161\u00edho referen\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed lid\u00e9 v\u00edce spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na strategie odhadu ne\u017e na strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. (Schwarz, Oyserman 2001: 138)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edmi faktory, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed volbu strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou (ne)pravidelnost a absolutn\u00ed frekvence dotazovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Menon 1993; Schwarz in Stone 2007; Menon, Yorkston in Stone a kol. 2000)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U ot\u00e1zek na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 respondenti podle sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch slov prov\u00e1d\u00ed nepravideln\u011b, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji strategii nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ot\u00e1zkami na pravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Menon, Yorkston in Stone 2000) Stejn\u011b tak u chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 respondenti pova\u017euj\u00ed za \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b pravideln\u00e9, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji strategii nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ot\u00e1zkami na pravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (tamt\u00e9\u017e) Je to zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee u nepravideln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed je pro respondenty t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed si vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace z pam\u011bti ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s pravideln\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm. (Menon, Raghubir, Schwarz 1995)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o frekvenci u ot\u00e1zek na pravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kontextov\u00e9 informace k vybaven\u00ed informac\u00ed z pam\u011bti, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ot\u00e1zkami na nepravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Menon 1993)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U ot\u00e1zek na pravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed respondenti strategii sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu na referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e u ot\u00e1zek na nepravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Menon 1993)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti maj\u00ed obecn\u011b tendenci uv\u00e1d\u011bt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed frekvenci u \u010dast\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed a naopak vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvenci u m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dast\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, ne\u017e je tomu ve skute\u010dnosti. (Underwood, Zimmerman, Freund 1971)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edpady chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 respondenti d\u011blaj\u00ed m\u00e1lo \u010dasto, si vybavuj\u00ed snadn\u011bji, ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edpady chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed hodn\u011b \u010dasto. D\u00edky tomu u m\u00e1lo frekventovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e u hodn\u011b frekventovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, u n\u011bho\u017e obvykle nemaj\u00ed v pam\u011bti informace o jednotliv\u00fdch epizod\u00e1ch chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Menon 1993;  Burton, Blair 1991)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naopak u hodn\u011b frekventovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed respondenti \u010dast\u011bji spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na strategii odhadu ne\u017e na strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. (Strube in Hippler and Sudman 1987; Blair Burton 1987; Felcher, Calder in Goldberg a kol. 1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U hodn\u011b frekventovan\u00e9ho a v\u0161edn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed respondenti strategii nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e u m\u00e1lo frekventovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Schwarz, Bienias 1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Volba strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bna tak\u00e9 form\u00e1tem ot\u00e1zky. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na uzav\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky mohou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edt strategii nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce pro dan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tuto strategii pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy\u017e si nejsou schopni
nebo necht\u011bj\u00ed vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou informaci z pam\u011bti. (Schwarz, Bienias 1990; Bless, Bohner, Hild, Schwarz 1992; Kn\u00e4uper, Schwarz, Park 2004) Z tohoto d\u016fvodu n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i doporu\u010duj\u00ed pt\u00e1t se na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed rad\u011bji otev\u0159en\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami ne\u017e uzav\u0159en\u00fdmi, proto\u017ee se v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nem\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t, \u017ee nab\u00eddka odpov\u011bd\u00ed ovlivn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f respondenta. (Schwarz 1999; Schwarz, Bienias 1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Metodologie v\u00fdzkumu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo prozkoumat, jak\u00e9 strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i odpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed na ot\u00e1zky na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed. K dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle byla zvolena kvalitativn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 metoda kognitivn\u00edho interview. Kognitivn\u00ed interview umo\u017e\u0148uje zkoumat, jak lid\u00e9 konstruuj\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zky, a jak\u00e9 mechanismy a strategie p\u0159i tom pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Tato metoda je tud\u00ed\u017e vhodn\u00e1 k zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed z d\u016fvodu pou\u017eit\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho\/uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu ot\u00e1zky. (Willis 2005)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak ji\u017e vysv\u011btluje teoretick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce, ne\/pravidelnost chov\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u00edra jeho frekvence podle p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed volbu strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed. (Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998; Menon 1993) Tento fakt byl zohledn\u011bn p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru vhodn\u00fdch a pestr\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek. Do v\u00fdzkumu byly za\u0159azeny ot\u00e1zky, u kter\u00fdch autorka p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dala, \u017ee je lid\u00e9 obvykle d\u011blaj\u00ed na pravideln\u00e9 b\u00e1zi nebo nepravideln\u011b a tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, u nich\u017e se \u010dekalo, \u017ee je lid\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e hodn\u011b \u010dasto (v \u0159\u00e1dech dn\u016f) nebo m\u00e1lo \u010dasto (v \u0159\u00e1dech m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a let). Tyto 4 mo\u017enosti byly prov\u00e1z\u00e1ny, aby ve v\u00fdzkumu byly zastoupen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky na chov\u00e1n\u00ed, u kter\u00e9ho se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee je sp\u00ed\u0161e velmi \u010dast\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9, velmi \u010dast\u00e9 nepravideln\u00e9, m\u00e1lo \u010dast\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9 i m\u00e1lo \u010dast\u00e9 nepravideln\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Celkem bylo p\u0159ipraveno 20 ot\u00e1zek na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jejich seznam je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlohy (p\u0159\u00edloha \u010d. 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu respondentovi byla v\u017edy polo\u017eena polovina (tj. 10) ot\u00e1zek v uzav\u0159en\u00e9m form\u00e1tu a polovina v otev\u0159en\u00e9m form\u00e1tu. Otev\u0159en\u00e9 a uzav\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky byly st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ny. T\u00e9mata otev\u0159en\u00fdch a uzav\u0159en\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek se m\u011bnila. Stejn\u011b tak bylo rotov\u00e1no celkov\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed ot\u00e1zek v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch interview, aby se eliminovala mo\u017en\u00e1 zkreslen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 po\u0159ad\u00edm ot\u00e1zek a t\u00edm se zlep\u0161ila validita dat a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozhovory prob\u011bhly v p\u011bti p\u0159\u00edpadech u respondent\u016f doma a ve t\u0159ech p\u0159\u00edpadech v kav\u00e1rn\u011b. Realizov\u00e1ny byly v rozmez\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed t\u00fddn\u016f. D\u00e9lka rozhovor\u016f se pohybovala mezi 18 a 31 minutami. [5] V\u0161echny rozhovory byly nahr\u00e1ny na diktafon autorky a n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159eps\u00e1ny do po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Data byla zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1na v analytick\u00e9m softwaru pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitativn\u00edch dat, ATLAS, ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data byla k\u00f3dov\u00e1na polootev\u0159en\u011b. Bylo p\u0159ipraveno z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00f3dovac\u00ed sch\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed dopl\u0148ovalo o dal\u0161\u00ed k\u00f3dy. Byla k\u00f3dov\u00e1na jednotliv\u00e1 slova, v\u011bty i cel\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed ze strategi\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali, byla strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. V rozhovorech se objevovaly dva subtypy t\u00e9to strategie, strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a strategie sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu na dan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvali k vybaven\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f kontext. Dotazovanou \u010dinnost m\u011bli spojenou nap\u0159\u00edklad s jinou \u010di v\u00fdjime\u010dnou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, \u010dinnost\u00ed, speci\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1\u017eitkem, osobou apod. \u201eTak asi naposledy, kdy\u017e jsme slavili narozeniny [\u2026] my tam pravideln\u011b n\u011bco slav\u00edme.\u201c (Ctirad, 48 let, vyu\u010den)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u2026a tu jsem \u010detl asi tak od 21:10, co d\u00e1vali Cesty dom\u016f na jednom nejmenovan\u00e9m televizn\u00edm kan\u00e1lu, a d\u00edval nebo \u010detl jsem tu knihu do konce tohoto seri\u00e1lu.\u201c (Filip, 25 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed strategie sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu respondenti provedli sou\u010det za krat\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, ne\u017e na kter\u00e9 se ot\u00e1zka ptala, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b tento sou\u010det vyn\u00e1sobili nebo vyd\u011blili, aby vypo\u010d\u00edtali frekvenci za dotazovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 u t\u00e9to strategie pou\u017e\u00edvali k vybaven\u00ed frekvence ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech kontext. \u201eAha, tak to mus\u00edme zase spo\u010d\u00edtat a rozpo\u010d\u00edtat. (\u2026) 3,5 hodiny k tomu dvakr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b Ordinace v r\u016f\u017eov\u00e9 zahrad\u011b, to je; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5 a v ned\u011bli Dokto\u0159i. 5,5; 6,5; 7 [\u2026] plus to \u017eehlen\u00ed, 11,12 d\u011bleno 7 je\u2026\u201c (Hana, 50 let, S\u0160)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eTo v\u016fbec nev\u00edm, no, proto\u017ee, no za posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc 3x, tak\u017ee jestli se to d\u00e1<\/em>
podle toho ur\u010dit [\u2026] No tak\u017ee mo\u017en\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b alespo\u0148 40x za rok to je.\u201c (David, 57 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f respondenti poci\u0165ovali nejistotu, zda danou \u010dinnost prov\u00e1d\u011bli v dob\u011b, na kterou se ptala ot\u00e1zka, nap\u0159\u00edklad v posledn\u00edm roce. \u201eTohle jist\u011b nev\u00edm, no. To jsme byli vlastn\u011b na\u2026, na \u010dem jsme to byli, te\u010fko na tom Santanovi no a p\u0159edt\u00edm, p\u0159edt\u00edm tam byl Sting, ale to nev\u00edm, jestli to je rok a ten je\u0161t\u011b, Brian Adams, ale to nev\u00edm, jestli to je rok nebo rok a n\u011bco.\u201c (David, 57 let, V\u0160)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Strategie odhadu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ze strategi\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali, byla strategie odhadu. Respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali t\u0159i subtypy strategie odhadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaprv\u00e9 se jednalo o odhad pomoc\u00ed kontextu, se kter\u00fdm m\u011bli dan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00e9. Odhad prov\u00e1d\u011bli podle jin\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, okolnosti a podobn\u011b. Dotazovan\u00e9 \u010dinnosti m\u011bly spojen\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad s \u017eehlen\u00edm pr\u00e1dla, cestou z hospody, sledovan\u00fdmi seri\u00e1ly, ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm ke sp\u00e1nku nebo cestou do pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u2026tak\u017ee to odhadnu, v\u00edm, \u017ee posledn\u00ed t\u00fdden to bylo ur\u010dit\u011b dvakr\u00e1t, ale to bylo na m\u011b v\u00edc, v\u011bt\u0161inou je to tak jednou, tak\u017ee, hm, tam je\u0161t\u011b asi jednou ur\u010dit\u011b bylo. Tak j\u00e1 nev\u00edm, tak 3x a\u017e 4x. Je to mo\u017en\u00fd? Proto\u017ee j\u00e1 tam chod\u00edm, jenom kdy\u017e jdu z hospody, nebo kdy\u017e n\u011bkde \u010dek\u00e1m a nem\u00e1m nic k j\u00eddlu a to bylo teda v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b. No, asi to c\u00e9\u010dko. Bu\u010f n\u011bkdy, n\u011bkde mezi t\u00edm b\u00e9\u010dkem a c\u00e9\u010dkem, n\u011bkdy to asi bylo 2x za t\u00fdden, to je r\u016fzn\u00fd. No asi bych tak tipoval, tak\u017ee c.\u201c (Emil, 28 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frekvenci odhadovali tak\u00e9 jako pom\u011br z doby, kterou str\u00e1v\u00ed jinou \u010dinnost\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad jako \u010d\u00e1st z celkov\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed doby, doby v\u00fdletu nebo tak\u00e9 voln\u00e9ho \u010dasu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u2026tak to ur\u010dit\u011b tu hodinu a\u017e dv\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edm telefonov\u00e1n\u00edm v pr\u00e1ci. [\u2026] Taky to nen\u00ed pravideln\u011b, ale kdy\u017e vezmu, podle pracovn\u00ed doby, kdy\u017e pracuju 8 hodin, tak v\u00edm, \u017ee tak asi kolik m\u011b vol\u00e1 lid\u00ed, kolikr\u00e1t odpov\u00edd\u00e1m na ty jejich dotazy, tak bych to tak tipla, tak\u017ee mysl\u00edm, \u017ee z t\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed doby takovou \u010d\u00e1st m\u016f\u017eu provolat. Zase to nen\u00ed pravideln\u011b, je t\u0159eba den, kdy v\u016fbec a je den, kdy po\u0159\u00e1d, ale kdy\u017e to zpr\u016fm\u011bruju, tak bych \u0159ekla takhle.\u201c (Barbora, 49 let, S\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ze strategi\u00ed odhadu, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali, byl hrub\u00fd odhad. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech respondenti svoji odpov\u011b\u010f odhadovali pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b dojmu o frekvenci d\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, ani\u017e by si vybavovali jin\u00e9 \u010dinnosti \u010di ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed s dotazovanou \u010dinnost\u00ed spojen\u00e9. \u201eTak ob\u010das n\u011bco vol\u00e1m [\u2026] Tak j\u00e1 si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee takov\u00fd 2 hodiny, ale je to hrub\u00fd odhad.\u201c (David, 57 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eTo j\u00e1 nev\u00edm, jednou, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b dvakr\u00e1t za m\u011bs\u00edc. [\u2026] Nev\u00edm, tipuju. [\u2026] Nejsem si jist\u00fd, t\u0159eba to je jednou za 2 m\u011bs\u00edce.\u201c (Emil, 28 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posledn\u00edm subtypem je strategie odhadu a p\u0159evodu na dan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to strategie respondenti odhadli frekvenci za krat\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, ne\u017e na kter\u00e9 se ot\u00e1zka ptala, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b tento odhad vyn\u00e1sobili, aby vypo\u010d\u00edtali frekvenci za dotazovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech respondenti prvn\u00ed provedli odhad na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u011bjak\u00e9ho kontextu
nebo ud\u011blali hrub\u00fd odhad a n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159evedli odhadovanou frekvenci na dan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eCelkov\u011b denn\u011b tomu m\u016f\u017eu d\u00e1t tak 2 hodiny, tak\u017ee z toho vych\u00e1z\u00edm, \u017ee celkov\u011b za t\u00fdden tomu m\u016f\u017eu d\u00e1t tak 10 hodin.\u201c (Filip, 25 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eTak\u017ee Dudlajz ka\u017ed\u00fd den minim\u00e1ln\u011b 10 minut\u2026no\u2026tak asi tak hodinku a p\u016fl. [\u2026] Tak zhruba. [\u2026] Zn\u00e1soben\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch denn\u00edch hovor\u016f.\u201c (Hana, 50 let, S\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed strategie odhadu respondenti vyjad\u0159ovali v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010di men\u0161\u00ed m\u00edru nejistoty o spr\u00e1vnosti odpov\u011bdi. \u201eNo, kdy\u017e to je t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd, j\u00e1 to zase nejsem schopen n\u011bjak spo\u010d\u00edtat.\u201c (David, 57 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Strategie nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed strategie, kterou respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali, byl odhad pomoc\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce pro dan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tuto strategii respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali pouze u uzav\u0159en\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek, jak plyne u\u017e z jej\u00ed definice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti vyb\u00edrali \u201en\u00edzkou\u201c odpov\u011b\u010f, s od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm, \u017ee danou \u010dinnost d\u011blaj\u00ed m\u00e1lo \u010dasto. \u201eTak\u017ee m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 2 hodiny. Proto\u017ee j\u00e1 to v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b nesleduju.\u201c (David, 57 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti vyb\u00edrali odpov\u011b\u010f ve st\u0159edu, pokud se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee danou \u010dinnost d\u011blaj\u00ed st\u0159edn\u011b \u010dasto. \u201eTak to bude g\u00e9\u010dko, proto\u017ee je uprost\u0159ed, proto\u017ee jeden den skoro nic dal\u0161\u00ed den t\u0159eba hodn\u011b, tak\u017ee uprost\u0159ed.\u201c (Adam, 26 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud se rozhodli pro nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f, od\u016fvodnili to t\u00edm, \u017ee danou \u010dinnost d\u011blaj\u00ed velmi \u010dasto. \u201eNo, d\u00e1me tomu tu hodinu a p\u016fl a\u017e dv\u011b, to \u00e9\u010dko. [\u2026] Proto\u017ee to m\u00e1m zapnut\u00e9 po\u0159\u00e1d.\u201c (Ctirad, 48 let, vyu\u010den)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nab\u00eddku odpov\u011bd\u00ed tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali k vy\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdch odpov\u011bd\u00ed, aby se dostali k nejv\u00edce pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi. \u201eNo, proto\u017ee v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010das pravda nen\u00ed, proto\u017ee ob\u010das si dojdu zaplavat [\u2026] tak\u017ee a) je vylou\u010den\u00e1, zbytek je vylou\u010den t\u00e9\u017e. Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 b).\u201c (Hana, 50 let, S\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se stalo, \u017ee si respondent po rozhodnut\u00ed o odpov\u011bdi uv\u011bdomil, co v\u0161echno ot\u00e1zka zahrnuje, a bez po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bnil svoji odpov\u011b\u010f o jednu kategorii. \u201eTo psan\u00ed, to mi jde pomaleji, to p\u0159id\u00e1me, to tam d\u00e1me \u00e9\u010dko.\u201c (Ctirad, 48 let, vyu\u010den)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee nab\u00eddka odpov\u011bd\u00ed by m\u011bla odpov\u00eddat rozlo\u017een\u00ed frekvence prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00e9 \u010dinnosti ve spole\u010dnosti. \u201eA zase tady je, \u017ee n\u011bkdo \u010dte 12 hodin, jo? T\u00fddn\u011b? Je to upraven\u00fd na ty noviny nebo ne?\u201c (Emil, 28 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Kombinace strategi\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku tak\u00e9 kombinace strategi\u00ed, popsan\u00fdch v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch kapitol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017e\u00edvali dva r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy kombinac\u00ed strategi\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se\u010detli jednotliv\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti dan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 si vybavili a zbytek odhadli. \u201eTak to jsme byli jednou, podruh\u00e9 pot\u0159et\u00ed, po\u010dtvrt\u00e9, pop\u00e1t\u00e9, no [\u2026] No, tak jsme tady ur\u010dit\u011b byli s Ma\u0165ulou a s Ev\u010dou [\u2026] Tak j\u00e1 nev\u00edm, zhruba 10x, tak odhadem za rok, mysl\u00edm.\u201c (Hana, 50 let, S\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eTak\u017ee v l\u00e9t\u011b to bylo n\u011bkdy na za\u010d\u00e1tku l\u00e9ta. No a p\u0159edt\u00edm na ja\u0159e asi jednou, tak\u017ee to bylo dvakr\u00e1t\u2026 Tak 4x maxim\u00e1ln\u011b, bych tipoval.\u201c (Emil, 28 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b provedli sou\u010det n\u011bkolika odhad\u016f. \u201eJo, pap\u00edrov\u00fdch novin, tak v pr\u016fm\u011bru ka\u017ed\u00fd den tak 20 minut, v\u0161edn\u00ed den teda. O v\u00edkendu\u2026 taky 20 minut nebo p\u016fl hodiny d\u00e1me, tak\u017ee 5x 20, hodinu dvacet, 100minut, to je n\u011bjak hodn\u011b. 5x 20, 100 minut\u2026plus je\u0161t\u011b za sobotu, to je dvacet, tak to vych\u00e1z\u00ed na 2 hodiny. [\u2026] Nedok\u00e1\u017eu \u0159\u00edct, jak dlouho to tak trv\u00e1. Nav\u00edc je to takov\u00fd rozkouskovan\u00fd, \u017ee. No, n\u011bco kolem t\u011bch 2 hodin asi.\u201c (Emil, 28 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

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10. Frekvence pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed strategi\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00fdzkumu bylo respondent\u016fm polo\u017eeno celkem 160 ot\u00e1zek. U 25 ot\u00e1zek respondenti odpov\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee danou \u010dinnost ned\u011blaj\u00ed nikdy. U zbyl\u00fdch 135 ot\u00e1zek respondenti pou\u017eili k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednu ze strategi\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e strategii odhadu. Z tabulky \u010d. 1 je vid\u011bt, \u017ee respondenti pou\u017eili strategii odhadu u 44 % ot\u00e1zek na frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed a strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pouze u 34 % ot\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Respondenti vypov\u00eddali, \u017ee je pro n\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 spo\u010d\u00edtat frekvenci n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed, proto\u017ee si ji nepamatuj\u00ed. \u201eNo, to se mi stra\u0161n\u011b t\u011b\u017eko po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1.\u201c (Adam, 26 let, V\u0160); \u201eJe to \u010dast\u00fd, no, to by \u010dlov\u011bk si nepamatoval, kdy vid\u011bl n\u011bjak\u00fd video.\u201c (Emil, 28 let, V\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy si respondenti nebyli schopni, nebo necht\u011bli[6] vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace o frekvenci z pam\u011bti, nemohli pou\u017e\u00edvat strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. Naopak k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence pomoc\u00ed strategie odhadu si mohli, ale tak\u00e9 nemuseli vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace z pam\u011bti. Strategii odhadu tedy pou\u017e\u00edvali v obou dvou typech situac\u00ed, jak zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje sch\u00e9ma \u010d. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu rozhovor\u016f si \u010dasto nebyli schopni nebo necht\u011bli vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace z pam\u011bti, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vysv\u011btlen\u00edm pro to, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvali strategii odhadu \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Pravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti d\u011blaj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dinnosti pravideln\u011b. Tento fakt sami nebo po dodate\u010dn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce tazatelky zm\u00ednili celkem u 26 ot\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee respondenti obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e strategii odhadu, uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee pokud d\u011blaj\u00ed n\u011bjakou \u010dinnost pravideln\u011b, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e jin\u00e9 strategie. Z tabulky \u010d. 2 je vid\u011bt, \u017ee respondenti pou\u017eili u ot\u00e1zek na chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b, strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed v 69 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f a strategii odhadu pouze v 19 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali k rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed kombinaci strategi\u00ed, se jednalo o chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sice d\u011blaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b, ale ob\u010das se st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ho d\u011blaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 nepravideln\u011b. \u201eDo pr\u00e1ce, z pr\u00e1ce ka\u017ed\u00fd den, ka\u017ed\u00fd den (\u2026) kdy\u017e je p\u011bkn\u011b, tak i o v\u00edkendu.\u201c (Ctirad, 48 let, vyu\u010den)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strategii odhadu respondenti u pravideln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali, pokud danou \u010dinnost d\u011blaj\u00ed sice pravideln\u011b, ale nebyli si jist\u00ed, kolik \u010dasu p\u0159esn\u011b t\u00e9to \u010dinnost v\u011bnuj\u00ed. \u201eProto\u017ee j\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u011b tyhle pap\u00edrov\u00fd \u010dasopisy, magaz\u00edny ne\u010dtu, m\u00e1m jeden jedin\u00fd obl\u00edben\u00fd, a to je magaz\u00edn Mlad\u00e1 fronta a ten \u010dtu pravideln\u011b ve \u010dtvrtek, proto\u017ee vych\u00e1z\u00ed a \u010dtu ho p\u0159ed span\u00edm (\u2026) to asi tak p\u016fl hodiny a\u017e hodinu.\u201c (Barbora, 49 let, S\u0160)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakt, \u017ee u pravideln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed respondenti ani v jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nepou\u017eili strategii nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce, odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159edchoz\u00edm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, proto\u017ee jak popisuje teoretick\u00e1 kapitola t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce, respondenti tuto strategii pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed t\u00edm \u010dast\u011bji, \u010d\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b jsou si schopni vybavit p\u0159\u00edpady dan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed a pravideln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed maj\u00ed obvykle dob\u0159e ulo\u017een\u00e9 v pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eili u 69 % ot\u00e1zek na chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b. P\u0159esn\u011b v polovin\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f respondenti pou\u017eili strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f pou\u017eili strategii sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu na dan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvali strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy se ot\u00e1zka ptala na obvykl\u00fd v\u0161edn\u00ed den. Naopak strategii sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu na dan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvali u ot\u00e1zek, kter\u00e9 se ptaly na frekvenci za posledn\u00ed rok. Nazna\u010duje to, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed u pravideln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu ne\u017e strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee v\u0161echny strategie rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zmi\u0148uje odborn\u00e1 literatura, \u010de\u0161t\u00ed respondenti skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu na dotazovan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, strategie odhadu podle kontextu, hrub\u00e9ho odhadu, odhadu a p\u0159evodu na dotazovan\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed a strategii nab\u00eddky odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mce. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b k ur\u010den\u00ed frekvence respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kombinace t\u011bchto strategi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e strategii odhadu. Strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee si jsou schopni a ochotni vybavit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace z pam\u011bti. Naopak strategii odhadu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i v p\u0159\u00edpadech, \u017ee si dan\u00e9 informace nejsou schopni vybavit. A proto\u017ee v pr\u016fb\u011bhu kognitivn\u00edch rozhovor\u016f si respondenti \u010dasto nebyli schopni, nebo necht\u011bli, vybavit pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace z pam\u011bti, vysv\u011btluje to, pro\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvali strategii odhadu \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud se v\u0161ak rozhoduj\u00ed o frekvenci chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed naopak strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e jin\u00e9 strategie. U pravideln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ani jeden ze subtyp\u016f strategie s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nebo strategii sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu, v\u00fdrazn\u011b \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e druh\u00fd. Ale \u010d\u00edm je referen\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed u pravideln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e respondenti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed strategii sou\u010dtu a p\u0159evodu ne\u017e strategii s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


P\u0159\u00edlohy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ot\u00e1zky pro kognitivn\u00ed interview (seznam)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho v\u0161edn\u00edho dne sledov\u00e1n\u00edm televize?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne poslouch\u00e1n\u00edm r\u00e1dia?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne \u010dten\u00edm pap\u00edrov\u00fdch novin?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne sledov\u00e1n\u00edm vide\u00ed na internetu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho v\u0161edn\u00edho dne \u010dten\u00edm internetov\u00fdch novin a \u010dasopis\u016f\/magaz\u00edn\u016f?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho v\u0161edn\u00edho dne \u010dten\u00edm pap\u00edrov\u00fdch \u010dasopis\u016f\/magaz\u00edn\u016f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste se \u0161el\/\u0161la pod\u00edvat na film do kina?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste se \u0161el\/\u0161la pod\u00edvat na p\u0159edstaven\u00ed do divadla?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste si \u0161el\/\u0161la poslechnout hudebn\u00ed koncert?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste si nechal\/a ost\u0159\u00edhat vlasy\/ ost\u0159ihal\/a vlasy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne dom\u00e1c\u00edmi pracemi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne n\u00e1kupy \u010dehokoliv v obchodech?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne \u010dten\u00edm knih (i na \u010dte\u010dce)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne telefonov\u00e1n\u00edm a psan\u00edm textov\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste \u0161el\/\u0161la do restaurace na ve\u010de\u0159i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste si \u0161el\/\u0161la n\u011bco koupit do l\u00e9k\u00e1rny (nejenom l\u00e9ky)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Q) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed rok jste si na sebe koupil\/a oble\u010den\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc jste si st\u0159\u00edhal\/a, \u0161t\u00edpal\/a \u010di piloval\/a nehty?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S) Kolik \u010dasu celkov\u011b str\u00e1v\u00edte b\u011bhem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho t\u00fddne sportov\u00e1n\u00edm?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T) Kolikr\u00e1t za posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc jste jedl ve fast-foodu (= restauraci rychl\u00e9ho stravov\u00e1n\u00ed)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Nap\u0159\u00edklad dokto\u0159i, studenti medic\u00edny a dal\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nab\u00eddku odpov\u011bd\u00ed jako referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u00fdzkumu fyzick\u00fdch obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. Zvracen\u00ed jednou t\u00fddn\u011b pova\u017euj\u00ed za z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed diagn\u00f3zu a \u010dast\u011bji respondent\u016fm doporu\u010duj\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu l\u00e9ka\u0159e, pokud jsou tyto obt\u00ed\u017ee hodnoceny na \u0161k\u00e1le od \u201em\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e 1x za 6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f do \u201e\u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e 1x za m\u011bs\u00edc\u201c ne\u017e na \u0161k\u00e1le od \u201em\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e 1x m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b\u201c do \u201e2x za t\u00fdden\u201c. [Schwarz, Bless, Bohner 1991]
[2] N\u00edzko frekven\u010dn\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1la se pohybovala v rozmez\u00ed \u201edo \u00bd hodiny\u201c a \u201ev\u00edce ne\u017e 2 \u00bd hodiny\u201c a vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed v rozmez\u00ed \u201ev\u00edce ne\u017e 2 \u00bd hodiny\u201c a \u201ev\u00edce ne\u017e 4 \u00bd hodiny. [Bless, Bohner, Hild, Schwarz 1992]
[3] V anglicky psan\u00e9 literatu\u0159e ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako \u201eepisodic recall\u201c [Bradburn, Rips, Shevell 1987; Schwarz 1999], \u201eepisodic enumeration\u201c [Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998] nebo tak\u00e9 jako \u201erecall and count strategy\u201c. [Schwarz in Stone a kol. 2007]
[4] V anglicky psan\u00e9 literatu\u0159e ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako \u201erate retrieval\u201c [Conrad, Brown, Cashman 1998] nebo \u201erate of occurrence\u201c. [Blair, Burton 1987]
[5] Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka rozhovoru byla 25 minut.
[6] Nikdy nelze s jistotou \u0159\u00edci, zda respondent skute\u010dn\u011b nen\u00ed schopen vybavit si danou informaci z pam\u011bti nebo zda si ji jen nechce z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu vybavit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Blair, E.; Burton, S. (1987) \u201eCognitive Processes Used by Survey Respondents to Answer Behavioral Frequency Questions\u201c. Journal of Consumer Research 14 (2): 280\u2013288.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Bless, H.; Bohner, G.; Hild, T.; Schwarz, N. (1992) \u201eAsking Difficult Questions: Task Complexity Increases the Impact of Response Alternatives\u201c. European Journal of Social Psychology 22: 309\u2013312.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Bradburn, N.; Rips, L. J.; Shevell, S. K. (1987) \u201eAnswering Autobiographical Questions: The impact of Memory and Inference on Surveys\u201c. Science 57 (5): 157\u2013161.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Burton, S.; Blair, E. (1991) \u201eTask Conditions, Response Formulation Processes and Response Accuracy for Behavioral Frequency Questions in Surveys\u201c. Public Opinion Quarterly 55 (1): 50\u201379.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Conrad, F. G.; Brown, N. R.; Cashman, E. R. (1998) \u201eStrategies for Estimating Behavioral Frequency in Survey Interviews\u201c. Memory 6 (4): 339\u2013366.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Felcher, E. M.; Calder, B. (1990) \u201eCognitive Models For Behavioral Frequency Survey Questions\u201c. In Goldberg, M. E.; Gorn, G.; Pollay, R. W. NA – Advances in Consumer Research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Groves, R. M. (2004) Survey Errors and Survey Costs. New Jersey: Wiley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Knauper, B.; Schwarz, N.; Park, D. (2004) \u201eFrequency Reports Across Age Groups: Differential effects of frequency scales\u201c. Journal of Official Statistics 20: 91\u201396.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Menon, G. (1993) \u201eThe Effects of Accessibility of Information in Memory on Judgments of Behavioral Frequencies\u201c. Journal of Consumer Research 20: 431\u2013440.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Menon, G. (1997) \u201eAre the Parts Better than the Whole? The Effects of Decompositional Questions on Judgments of Frequent Behaviors\u201c. Journal of Marketing Research 34 (3): 335\u2013346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] Menon, G.; Raghubir P.; Schwarz N. (1995) \u201eBehavioral Frequency Judgements: An Accessibility-Diagnosticity Framework\u201c. Journal of Consumer Research 22: 212\u2013228.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] Menon, G.; Yorkstone, E. A. (2000) \u201eThe Use of Memory and Contextual Cues in the Formation of Behavioral Frequency Judgments\u201c. In Stone, A. a kol. The Science of Self-report: Implications for Research and Practice. UK: Psychology Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] Schwarz, N. Self-Reports. (1999) \u201eHow the Questions Shape the Answers\u201c. American Psychologist 54 (2): 93\u2013105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] Schwarz, N. (2007) \u201eRetrospective and Concurrent Self-Reports: The Rationale for Real-Time Data Capture\u201c. In Stone, A.; Shiffman, S.; Atienza, A. A.; Nebeling L.  The Science of Real-Time Data Capture: Self-Reports in Health Research. Oxford: University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] Schwarz, N.; Bianias, J. (1990) \u201eWhat Mediates the Impact of Response Alternatives on Frequency Reports of Mundane Behaviors?\u201c Applied Cognitive Psychology 4: 61\u201372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] Schwarz, N.; Bless H.; Bohner, G. a kol. (1991) \u201eResponse Scales as Frames of Reference: The Impact of Frequency Range on Diagnostic Judgements\u201c. Applied Cognitive Psychology 5: 37\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] Schwarz, N.; Oyeserman, D. (2001) \u201eAsking Questions About Behavior: Cognition, Communication, and Questionnaire Construction\u201c. American Journal of Evaluation, 2001, 22 (2): 127\u2013160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] Stock\u00e9, V. (2004) \u201eMeasuring Information Accessibility and Predicting Response-Effects: The Validity of Response-Certainties and Response Latencies\u201c. Metodolo\u0161ki zvezki 1 (1): 33\u201355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] Strube, G. (1987) \u201eAnswering Survey Questions: The Role of Memory\u201c. In Hippler, H. J.; Sudman, S. Social information processing and survey methodology. New York: Springer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] Sudman, S.; Bradburn, N. M.; Schwarz, N. (1996) \u201eThinking about Answers: The Application of Cognitive Processes to Survey Methodology\u201c. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] Underwood, B. J.; Zimmerman, J.; Freund, J. S. (1971) \u201eRetention of frequency information with observations on recognition and recall\u201c. Journal of Experimental Psychology 87 (2): 149\u2013162.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22] Vinopal, J. (2008) Kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy v metodologii v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed: metoda okam\u017eit\u00e9 validizace. Sociologick\u00fd \u00fastav AV \u010cR, v.v.i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23] Winkielman, P.; Knauper, B.; Schwarz, N. (1998) \u201e Looking back at anger: Reference periods change the interpretation of emotion frequency questions\u201c. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (3): 719\u2013728.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24] Willis, G. B. (2005) Cognitive Interviewing. A Tool of Improving Questionnaire Design. London: SAGE Publications, 2005.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This article “Response strategies of behavioral frequency questions” deals with response strategies that respondents use to determine the frequency of behavior during the cognitive process of answering to the open-ended as well as closed behavioral frequency questions. The theoretical part describes different response strategies used by respondents and deals with variety of factors that influence the choice of these strategies. The analytical part is based on a qualitative research method of cognitive interview. It describes different types of response strategies used by Czech respondents and deals with the frequency of their use. The article concludes that the estimation strategy is used more frequently than the episodic enumeration strategy. However the episodic enumeration strategy is still used more frequently than the other strategies when deciding on the frequency of regular behavior.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1344","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1344"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1344\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1346,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1344\/revisions\/1346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1344"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1344"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}