{"id":1440,"date":"2023-08-30T16:46:25","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T14:46:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/uncategorized\/bibliometrie-jako-nastroj-hodnoceni-programu-vyzkumu-a-vyvoje-v-ceske-republice\/"},"modified":"2023-09-18T09:13:42","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T07:13:42","slug":"bibliometrics-as-a-tool-for-rd-programmes-evaluation-in-the-czech-republic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/articles\/bibliometrics-as-a-tool-for-rd-programmes-evaluation-in-the-czech-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"Bibliometrics as a Tool for R&D Programmes Evaluation in the Czech Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bibliometrics as a Tool for R&D Programmes Evaluation in the Czech Republic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstrakt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00edlem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je p\u0159edstavit bibiometrii, obor zalo\u017een\u00fd na kvantitativn\u00ed anal\u00fdze v\u011bdeck\u00fdch publikac\u00ed, jako jeden z mo\u017en\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro evaluaci program\u016f v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje. D\u00e1le poukazuje na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed slabiny vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie a navrhuje mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje implementovan\u00fdch v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Bibliometrie je \u0161iroce vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro hodnocen\u00ed produkce a kvality v\u00fdzkumu, spolupr\u00e1ce a transferu znalost\u00ed. Je vhodn\u00fdm podkladem pro peer review hodnocen\u00ed a sou\u010dasn\u011b je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro validaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f t\u00e9to metody. V\u00fdhodou aplikace bibliometrie je relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena, rychlost hodnocen\u00ed a mo\u017enost zobecn\u011bn\u00ed. Nev\u00fdhodou v\u0161ak jsou zna\u010dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi obory v publika\u010dn\u00ed a cita\u010dn\u00ed praxi, co\u017e znesnad\u0148uje hodnocen\u00ed aplikovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a humanitn\u00edch obor\u016f. V \u010cR dosud nebyla bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na, av\u0161ak ze zahrani\u010dn\u00edch prax\u00ed je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee je vhodn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro ex-post hodnocen\u00ed a hodnocen\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch dopad\u016f. \u010cl\u00e1nek navrhuje mo\u017en\u00e9 ukazatele, kter\u00e9 by mohly b\u00fdt vyu\u017eity pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f v \u010cR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aim of this article is to introduce bibliometrics, a field based on quantitative analysis of scientific publications, as a tool for research programmes evaluation. It points out weaknesses of bibiometrics and proposes potential use of bibliometrics for evaluation of research programmes implemented in the Czech Republic. Bibliometrics is widely used for evaluation of production and quality of research, co-operation and knowledge transfer. It is a valuable basis for peer review evaluation and for validation of peer review evaluation outputs. The strengths of the application of bibliometrics consist in relatively low cost, short time needed for evaluation and the possibility of generalization. Weaknesses are huge differences among scientific fields in terms of their publication and citation praxis limiting evaluation of applied research and humanities. In the Czech Republic, the bibliometric evaluation has not been applied yet, nevertheless, foreign practices show that bibliometrics is a useful tool for ex-post and impact evaluations. The article proposes possible indicators, which could be used for programmes evaluations in the Czech Republic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliometrie, evaluace program\u016f, hodnot\u00edc\u00ed ukazatel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliometrics, programmes evaluation, evaluation indicators<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u00davod<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Bibliometrie je oborem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na kvantitativn\u00ed anal\u00fdze v\u011bdeck\u00fdch publikac\u00ed. \u0160iroce se vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v evaluac\u00edch v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje (VaV) na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch \u2013 od \u00farovn\u011b v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka, p\u0159es v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 t\u00fdmy, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace, programy na podporu VaV, v\u011bdn\u00ed politiky a\u017e po mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Bibliometrie je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed scientometrie, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 studiem kvantitativn\u00edch znak\u016f a charakteristik v\u011bdy, v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunikace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rozvoj a vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie souvis\u00ed se vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdznamem, popt\u00e1vkou po kvantitativn\u00edch informac\u00edch o \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti a dopadech v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch aktivit. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se bibliometrie aplikuje pro hodnocen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, av\u0161ak je vyu\u017eiteln\u00e1 i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b aplikovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, pokud jedn\u00edm z jeho v\u00fdsledk\u016f jsou publikace (Hicks, Melkers 2012). Bibliometrie se pro hodnocen\u00ed VaV pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zhruba od \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let 20. stolet\u00ed. Jej\u00ed velk\u00fd rozvoj nastal zejm\u00e9na v osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech v souvislosti s rozvojem v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed techniky. Pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV za\u010dala b\u00fdt bibliometrie vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na od po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let v USA (Narin a Hamilton 1996) a postupn\u011b se stala standardn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f (ESF 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V \u010cR je problematice bibliometrie a jej\u00edmu vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro hodnocen\u00ed VaV zat\u00edm v\u011bnov\u00e1na pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e1 pozornost. Ze st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch \u010desk\u00fdch prac\u00ed lze na tomto m\u00edst\u011b zm\u00ednit zejm\u00e9na hodnocen\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch programech EU (Albrecht a Van\u011b\u010dek 2008, Pecha a Perutkov\u00e1 2013, Vav\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1 2015), hodnocen\u00ed obor\u016f (Basl, M\u00fcnich a Sidorkin 2009, Kouba 2011, Skovajsa 2014) \u010di pr\u00e1ce t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se obecn\u00fdch a metodologick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek (Arltov\u00e1 2010, \u0160p\u00e1la 2006). V souvislosti s p\u0159ipravovanou metodikou hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 navrhuje vyu\u017e\u00edt bibliometrii pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podklad\u016f pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed expertn\u00edch skupin (Arnold et al. 2015), lze v \u010cR o\u010dek\u00e1vat zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1jmu o bibliometrii a n\u00e1sledn\u00fd rozvoj tohoto oboru. Bibliometrie bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na i pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV. V prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat jej\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro hodnocen\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f a dopad\u016f prioritn\u00edch os 1 a 2 Opera\u010dn\u00edho programu V\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj pro inovace 2007\u20132013 i nov\u00e9ho Opera\u010dn\u00edho programu V\u00fdzkum, v\u00fdvoj a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed 2014\u20132020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V t\u00e9to souvislosti je v \u010cR vhodn\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt se zab\u00fdvat problematikou vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV. Ot\u00e1zkou je, co lze pomoc\u00ed bibliometrie hodnotit, jak\u00e9 ukazatele zvolit a jak\u00e9 datov\u00e9 zdroje vyu\u017e\u00edt. C\u00edlem tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je iniciovat diskusi o vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV v \u010cR a n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vhodn\u00fdch metod. Klade si t\u0159i d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed c\u00edle: (i.) p\u0159edstavit bibiometrii jako jeden z mo\u017en\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro evaluaci program\u016f VaV, (ii.) pouk\u00e1zat na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed slabiny vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie a (iii.) navrhnout mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV implementovan\u00fdch v \u010cR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vych\u00e1z\u00ed z re\u0161er\u0161e zahrani\u010dn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 literatury v\u011bnuj\u00edc\u00ed se jak obecn\u011b problematice bibliometrie, tak tak\u00e9 jej\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro evaluaci program\u016f, n\u00e1rodn\u00edch politik v\u00fdzkumu, v\u00fdvoje a inovac\u00ed a v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je v\u00fdsledkem autorovy osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti s hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f v \u010cR (nap\u0159. hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f N\u00e1rodn\u00edho programu v\u00fdzkumu I a II, program\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce KONTAKT, EUPRO, EUREKA, INGO a COST).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Metody pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV v zem\u00edch s vysp\u011blou evalua\u010dn\u00ed kulturou v oblasti VaV (jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o Velkou Brit\u00e1nii, Nizozemsko, Norsko, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Finsko, N\u011bmecko, Rakousko, USA, Japonsko a Austr\u00e1lii) p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 kombinace kvalitativn\u00edch a kvantitativn\u00edch metod. Kvantitativn\u00edmi metodami se zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed statistick\u00e1 data, informace z datab\u00e1ze publika\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdstup\u016f (nap\u0159. Thomson Reuters Web of Science, Elsevier SCOPUS), \u00fadaje patentov\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a v\u00fdsledky statistick\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladem jsou indik\u00e1tory popisuj\u00edc\u00ed specifick\u00e9 aspekty VaV. Ty mohou b\u00fdt scientometrick\u00e9 nebo technometrick\u00e9. Scientometrick\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory jsou zalo\u017eeny na po\u010dtech publika\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdstup\u016f a jejich odezv\u00e1ch (citac\u00edch). Technometrick\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed (nap\u0159. po\u010dty patent\u016f, u\u017eitn\u00fdch vzor\u016f, v\u00fdrobn\u00edch postup\u016f, softwarov\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed apod.) (Vondr\u00e1k, \u010cadil 2010). Z kvantitativn\u00edch metod se nej\u010dast\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed deskriptivn\u00ed a komparativn\u00ed statistick\u00e9 a bibliometrick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy,
      kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st ka\u017ed\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se ke kvantitativn\u00edmu vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f a v\u00fdsledk\u016f program\u016f, anal\u00fdze trend\u016f a kauzality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kvalitativn\u00ed metody hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV jsou zalo\u017eeny na posudc\u00edch a n\u00e1zorech odborn\u00edk\u016f v dan\u00fdch oborech VaV nebo \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho spektra z\u00e1stupc\u016f sf\u00e9ry intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdsledky VaV. Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi kvalitativn\u00edmi metodami jsou strukturovan\u00e9 rozhovory, informovan\u00e1 peer review, dotazn\u00edkov\u00e1 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie. Jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 mj. v interpretaci informac\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch kvantitativn\u00edmi metodami, kde mohou identifikovat a logicky vysv\u011btlit p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00e9 souvislosti, vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vazby a dopady, kter\u00e9 nejsou posti\u017eiteln\u00e9 kvantitativn\u00edm hodnocen\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ob\u011b skupiny metod maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Nev\u00fdhoda vyu\u017eit\u00ed kvantitativn\u00edch metod obecn\u011b spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v nutnosti sledovan\u00fd jev kvantitativn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it, tedy jeho podstatu vystihnout vhodn\u00fdm kvantitativn\u00edm ukazatelem a spr\u00e1vn\u011b ur\u010dit jeho hodnoty. Slabina vyu\u017eit\u00ed kvalitativn\u00edch metod spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt zobecniteln\u00e9 a jednozna\u010dn\u00e9, je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt kvantitativn\u00ed predikce, testovat hypot\u00e9zy, sb\u011br a anal\u00fdza dat jsou \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, v\u00fdsledky mohou b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bny osobn\u00edmi preferencemi hodnotitel\u016f apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      V\u00fdb\u011br a vyu\u017eit\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch metod se odv\u00edj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na od formulov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edle hodnocen\u00ed, formy hodnocen\u00ed (formativn\u00ed \u2013 sp\u00ed\u0161e kvalitativn\u00ed metody, sumativn\u00ed \u2013 kvantitativn\u00ed metody) a druhu hodnocen\u00ed. P\u0159i ex-ante hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 kvalitativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup (zejm\u00e9na peer review). V interim hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV se kvantitativn\u00ed a kvalitativn\u00ed metody r\u016fzn\u011b kombinuj\u00ed podle zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed. Ex-post hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV a hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f tak\u00e9 kombinuje tyto dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed skupiny metod, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e kvantitativn\u00ed metody mohou p\u0159evl\u00e1dat (European Commission 2006). D\u00e1le je v\u00fdb\u011br metod ovlivn\u011bn dostupn\u00fdmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi, person\u00e1ln\u00edmi a \u010dasov\u00fdmi zdroji, dostupnost\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch dat apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie jako n\u00e1stroje pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b panuje shoda, \u017ee je vhodn\u00fdm podkladem pro peer review hodnocen\u00ed (ESF 2009, Moed 2005). Pro toto hodnocen\u00ed nab\u00edz\u00ed relativn\u011b objektivn\u00ed data, kter\u00e1 mohou b\u00fdt z\u00edsk\u00e1na, ani\u017e by hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci byli zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1ni p\u0159\u00edpravou n\u011bjak\u00fdch podklad\u016f a sebeevalua\u010dn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhoda spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1kladech na hodnocen\u00ed (pokud je ov\u0161em zaji\u0161t\u011bn p\u0159\u00edstup k bibliometrick\u00fdm datab\u00e1z\u00edm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy omezuje dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed slabiny peer review hodnocen\u00ed. Za prv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky bibliometrick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy mohou omezit nere\u00e1ln\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky peer review hodnocen\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b slou\u017eit pro validaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f tohoto hodnocen\u00ed (v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hovo\u0159\u00edme o triangulaci, tj. o k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 kontrole informac\u00ed). Za druh\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch, do kter\u00fdch vstupuje \u0159ada faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 detailn\u011b postihnout peer review hodnocen\u00edm (Moed 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed bibliometrick\u00e9 ukazatele<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Podle Narin a Hamilton (1996) lze bibliometrii pou\u017e\u00edt pro hodnocen\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch charakteristik VaV:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Aktivita v\u00fdzkumu \u2013 v tomto smyslu se aktivita ch\u00e1pe jako produkce a hodnot\u00ed se dle po\u010dtu publikac\u00ed v dan\u00e9m v\u011bdn\u00edm oboru.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Transfer znalost\u00ed \u2013 proces citov\u00e1n\u00ed je vn\u00edm\u00e1n ve smyslu p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Spolupr\u00e1ce \u2013 zahrnuje hodnocen\u00ed vazeb uvnit\u0159 skupin v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Kvalita \u2013 hodnocena na z\u00e1klad\u011b cita\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy, kter\u00e1 je vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako z\u00e1stupce pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality v\u00fdstup\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm bibliometrick\u00fdm ukazatelem je po\u010det publikac\u00ed<\/strong>, resp. recenzovan\u00fdch odborn\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f publikovan\u00fdch v recenzovan\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dasopisech. St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed Metodika hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a ukon\u010den\u00fdch program\u016f (RVVI 2013) je definuje jako: \u201ep\u016fvodn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159ehledov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fd v odborn\u00e9m periodiku bez ohledu na st\u00e1t vydavatele, kter\u00fd prezentuje p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu, a kter\u00fd byl uskute\u010dn\u011bn autorem nebo t\u00fdmem, jeho\u017e byl autor \u010dlenem. Jedn\u00e1 se o ucelen\u00e9 texty prac\u00ed s \u010dlen\u011bn\u00edm podle po\u017eadavk\u016f vydavatele periodika na strukturu v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce s obvykl\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem citov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f, eventu\u00e1ln\u011b s pozn\u00e1mkov\u00fdm apar\u00e1tem.\u201c Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se pro hodnocen\u00ed objemu v\u00fdstup\u016f v\u011bdeck\u00fdch aktivit. Jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed se op\u00edr\u00e1 o skute\u010dnost, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nky jsou hlavn\u00edm komunika\u010dn\u00edm kan\u00e1lem, kter\u00fdm se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 znalosti dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm a potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm u\u017eivatel\u016fm z aplika\u010dn\u00ed sf\u00e9ry. \u010cl\u00e1nky pom\u00e1haj\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159it znalosti dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. Za prv\u00e9 sd\u011bluj\u00ed, \u010deho bylo v r\u00e1mci v\u011bdeck\u00fdch aktivit dosa\u017eeno, a za druh\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd sm\u011br v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch aktivit (Hicks, Melkers 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          P\u0159i evaluac\u00edch se po\u010det \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f obvykle vztahuje k v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm organizac\u00edm, v\u011bdn\u00edm obor\u016fm, zem\u00edm \u010di program\u016fm. Av\u0161ak nikdy se nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 samostatn\u011b, ale spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi bibliometrick\u00fdmi ukazateli a kvalitativn\u00edmi metodami. Slabou str\u00e1nkou tohoto ukazatele je r\u016fznorodost publika\u010dn\u00edch zvyklost\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f. Dle expertn\u00ed komise EK (2010), kter\u00e1 mapovala publika\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdstupy u hlavn\u00edch v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f, jsou \u010dl\u00e1nky v odborn\u00fdch \u010dasopisech dominantn\u00ed formou v p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00fdch a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch oborech. V technick\u00fdch oborech jsou hlavn\u00ed formou publikov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky ve sborn\u00edc\u00edch z konferenc\u00ed a \u010dl\u00e1nky v odborn\u00fdch \u010dasopisech. V humanitn\u00edch a spole\u010densk\u00fdch oborech se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b publikuje formou monografi\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          P\u0159esto\u017ee bibliometrick\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed i odborn\u00e9 knihy a konferen\u010dn\u00ed sborn\u00edky, m\u00edra pokryt\u00ed t\u011bchto forem v\u00fdstup\u016f je dosud pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 pro reprezentativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch obor\u016f. Li\u0161\u00ed se i vytvo\u0159en\u00fd po\u010det publikac\u00ed (nap\u0159. v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch oborech se publikuje \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e v technick\u00fdch) a po\u010det citovan\u00fdch prac\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na u nov\u00fdch a multidisciplin\u00e1rn\u00edch obor\u016f je po\u010det citovan\u00fdch prac\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fd). Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f je t\u0159eba k bibliometrick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze zalo\u017een\u00e9 pouze na \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch p\u0159istupovat obez\u0159etn\u011b. Vhodn\u00e9 je sledovat i po\u010det jin\u00fdch forem v\u00fdstup\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          P\u0159esto\u017ee je hlavn\u00edm nedostatkem tohoto ukazatele omezen\u00e1 informace o kvalit\u011b v\u00fdsledku, b\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkdy vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako z\u00e1stupce pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality v\u00fdstup\u016f, proto\u017ee mezi po\u010dtem \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a v\u00fdsledky peer review b\u00fdv\u00e1 siln\u00e1 korelace (Ismail, Nason, Marjanovic a Grant 2009). V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality \u010dl\u00e1nku vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kvalita \u010dasopisu (hodnocen\u00e9m dle tzv. impakt faktoru \u010di ukazatele SNP \u2013 viz n\u00ed\u017ee), ve kter\u00e9m byl \u010dl\u00e1nek publikov\u00e1n. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i tento ukazatel m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Impakt faktory jsou toti\u017e ovlivn\u011bny r\u016fzn\u00fdmi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi aspekty, kter\u00e9 se nevztahuj\u00ed ke kvalit\u011b \u010dasopisu. Impakt faktor je nav\u00edc oborov\u011b specifick\u00fd. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot dosahuje impakt faktor u rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch obor\u016f z\u00e1kladn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu (Seglen 1997).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Samotn\u00fd po\u010det publikac\u00ed ukazuje jen zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu v\u00fdstup\u016f. Mnoho evaluac\u00ed program\u016f sleduje tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed spoluautorsk\u00fdch team\u016f<\/strong>. U\u017e jen z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee rozvoj spolupr\u00e1ce m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm z c\u00edl\u016f programu. Podle spoluautorstv\u00ed lze sledovat multidisciplinaritu, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a mezipracovi\u0161tn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci. Slabinou hodnocen\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce na z\u00e1klad\u011b spoluautorstv\u00ed je, \u017ee spolupr\u00e1ce je komplexn\u00edm jevem, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee nastat r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby (Melin 1996). Spolupr\u00e1ce na \u010dl\u00e1nku je toti\u017e pouze jednou z forem spolupr\u00e1ce. Sou\u010dasn\u011b spoluautorstv\u00ed nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nezbytn\u011b ukazatelem p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce. To je p\u0159\u00edpad zejm\u00e9na \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, na nich\u017e se pod\u00edlely stovky autor\u016f (nap\u0159. v kvantov\u00e9 fyzice). Jednotliv\u00ed auto\u0159i takov\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku nemuseli p\u0159\u00edmo spolupracovat, a\u010dkoliv sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159isp\u011bli k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u00edla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Zat\u00edmco po\u010det publikac\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdstup, po\u010det citac\u00ed<\/strong> se ch\u00e1pe jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ukazatel pro hodnocen\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9mu dopadu \u010di v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00ednosu. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se toti\u017e, \u017ee nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm dopadem maj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed citovanost. Citace v\u0161ak samy o sob\u011b nem\u011b\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdeckou excelenci. Citace pouze poskytuj\u00ed informace o relativn\u00ed kvalit\u011b v\u00fdstupu nap\u0159. ve vztahu ke sv\u011btov\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru. Je sp\u00ed\u0161e z\u00e1stupn\u00fdm, nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm ukazatelem kvality (Sandstr\u00f6m 2009, Moed 2005). Nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem hodnocen\u00ed kvality je v sou\u010dasnosti informovan\u00e9 peer review, pro kter\u00e9 bibliometrick\u00e1 evaluace poskytuje podkladov\u00e9 informace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Citovanost dle Martin a Irvine (1983) nen\u00ed absolutn\u00ed n\u00fdbr\u017e relativn\u00ed charakteristikou, kter\u00e1 je spole\u010densky a kognitivn\u011b determinov\u00e1na. Je tak\u00e9 ovlivn\u011bna faktory jako lokalizace autora, jeho presti\u017e a renom\u00e9 instituce, jazyk a dostupnost v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu. P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed citovanosti je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nky mohou b\u00fdt citov\u00e1ny z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, co\u017e omezuje vyu\u017eit\u00ed tohoto ukazatele pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality. D\u016fvody pro citov\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00fdch prac\u00ed jsou dle Campanario (2003) tyto: (a) uzn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sluh (identifikace p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016f a p\u016fvodn\u00edch prac\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch byla poprv\u00e9 publikov\u00e1na fakta, my\u0161lenky \u010di principy), (b) p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pr\u00e1ce (identifikace obecn\u00fdch dokument\u016f, kter\u00e9 se k t\u00e9matu vztahuj\u00ed, prezentace p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, komentov\u00e1n\u00ed, oprava \u010di kritika p\u0159edchoz\u00edch prac\u00ed, identifikace metodologie apod.), (c) autorita (dolo\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1rok\u016f a tvrzen\u00ed, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f, identifikace v\u00fdsledk\u016f ostatn\u00edmi, kte\u0159\u00ed podporuj\u00ed autorovu pr\u00e1ci), (d) spole\u010densk\u00e9 faktory (citace presti\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f, citace autorov\u00fdmi \u017e\u00e1ky, p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed apod.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Citace \u010dl\u00e1nku nadto nemus\u00ed implikovat, \u017ee citovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce do\u0161la k po\u017eadovan\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm, ale znamen\u00e1, \u017ee proveden\u00fd v\u00fdzkum byl jin\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edkem shled\u00e1n u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm pro dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci. Negativn\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed toti\u017e mohou m\u00edt zna\u010dnou hodnotu ve smyslu dal\u0161\u00edho sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu a vyu\u017eit\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch metod. Citovanost tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uje omezen\u00fd prostor, kter\u00fd \u010dasopisy poskytuj\u00ed pro reference. V d\u016fsledku v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci necituj\u00ed v\u0161echny vyu\u017eit\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Moed (2005) odhaduje, \u017ee pouze zhruba t\u0159etina vyu\u017eit\u00e9 literatury je citov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Zna\u010dnou variabilitu v motivech citov\u00e1n\u00ed zjistili tak\u00e9 Bornmann a Daniel (2008). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b dosp\u011bli ke zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee citovanost nen\u00ed natolik n\u00e1hodn\u00e1, aby nemohla b\u00fdt vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro evaluace. Nadto van Raan (2005) argumentuje, \u017ee po\u010det citac\u00ed je st\u00e1le relevantn\u00edm ukazatelem pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality ji\u017e jen z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee existuje zna\u010dn\u00e1 shoda mezi v\u00fdsledky bibliometrie a peer review. D\u00edky nejistot\u011b obklopuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fvody pro citov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba po\u010det citac\u00ed a v\u0161echny ukazatele odvozen\u00e9 od tohoto indik\u00e1toru ve smyslu kvality v\u011bdeck\u00fdch publikac\u00ed interpretovat s jistou opatrnost\u00ed. (Hicks, Melkers 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Citovanost lze tak\u00e9 sledovat pro jednotliv\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 \u010dasopisy. Nej\u010dast\u011bji u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi ukazateli pro hodnocen\u00ed citovanosti \u010dasopis\u016f jsou impact factor \u010dasopisu (Journal Impact Factor \u2013 p\u0159edstavuje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det citac\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 publikace v dan\u00e9m \u010dasopisu), kter\u00fd u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze Thomson Reuter Web of Science, a SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper m\u011b\u0159\u00ed jeho kontextu\u00e1ln\u00ed cita\u010dn\u00ed dopad \u010dasopisu na z\u00e1klad\u011b celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu citac\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch oborech) uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd datab\u00e1z\u00ed Elsevier Scopus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vyu\u017eit\u00ed citovanosti p\u0159i evaluac\u00edch je limitov\u00e1no oborov\u00fdmi specifiky v cita\u010dn\u00ed praxi. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed citovanosti pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality je vhodn\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u011bd\u00e1ch. M\u00e9n\u011b spolehliv\u00e9 je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b technick\u00fdch obor\u016f a spole\u010densk\u00fdch v\u011bd\u00e1ch. Nevhodn\u00e9 je vyu\u017eit\u00ed citac\u00ed v humanitn\u00edch a um\u011bleck\u00fdch oborech (Arnold a Mehieu 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Po\u010det citac\u00ed se v \u010dase vyv\u00edj\u00ed, n\u00e1r\u016fst a pokles m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u011b strm\u00fd, stejn\u011b tak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt rozd\u00edln\u00e1 doba, po kterou se \u010dl\u00e1nek cituje. Proto je vhodn\u00e9 po\u010det citac\u00ed a v\u0161echny ukazatele, kter\u00e9 z n\u011bj vych\u00e1zej\u00ed sledovat dle jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f a za stejn\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. Pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dtu citac\u00ed se zpravidla vol\u00ed 3\u20135 let\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 okno po publikov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je nezbytn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit vyu\u017eit\u00ed autocitac\u00ed. Obvykle se autocitace vylu\u010duj\u00ed. Problematick\u00e9 je to v\u0161ak v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se na tvorb\u011b \u010dl\u00e1nku pod\u00edlelo v\u00edce autor\u016f. Proto n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i doporu\u010duj\u00ed vy\u0159adit autocitace pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o prvn\u00edho autora. Pokud se autorovo jm\u00e9no nach\u00e1z\u00ed na jin\u00fdch pozic\u00edch, pak se citov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku nepova\u017euje za autocitaci (Aksnes 2003). \u010casto vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm ukazatelem je tak\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det citac\u00ed<\/strong> \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v dan\u00e9m souboru, kter\u00fd se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 jako prost\u00fd aritmetick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu citac\u00ed v\u0161ech publikac\u00ed a po\u010dtu vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch publikac\u00ed. Tento ukazatel v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bn n\u00edzk\u00fdm po\u010dtem vysoce citovan\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f \u010di velk\u00fdm po\u010dtem m\u00e1lo citovan\u00fdch \u010di necitovan\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. V takto hrub\u00e9 podob\u011b je pou\u017eiteln\u00fd jen pro porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed citovanosti podobn\u00fdch soubor\u016f, nap\u0159. v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho oboru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Proto\u017ee je citovanost oborov\u011b velmi specifick\u00e1, je vhodn\u00e9 ji normalizovat, vzt\u00e1hnout k referen\u010dn\u00edm hodnot\u00e1m, nap\u0159. sv\u011btov\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru v dan\u00e9 v\u011bdn\u00ed discipl\u00edn\u011b (Moed 2005). Hlavn\u00edm normalizovan\u00fdm ukazatelem je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 citovanost \u010dl\u00e1nku normalizovan\u00e1 dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f<\/strong> (Waltman et al. 2011). Vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 se jako pod\u00edl pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku (CPP) a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu citac\u00ed v\u0161ech \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f (stejn\u00fdch typ\u016f publikace) ve stejn\u00e9m v\u011bdn\u00edm oboru publikovan\u00fdch ve stejn\u00e9m roce (FCSm):<\/p>\n\n\n

          \n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

          Kde c <\/em>je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku i <\/em>a [\u00b5f<\/sub><\/em> ] je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku v normaliza\u010dn\u00ed skupin\u011b \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f i (<\/em>pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu citac\u00ed v\u0161ech \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f publikovan\u00fdch ve stejn\u00e9m v\u011bdn\u00edm oboru ve stejn\u00e9m roce). Normaliza\u010dn\u00ed skupinu m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat sv\u011btov\u00e1, evropsk\u00e1 \u010di n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Pokud je \u010dl\u00e1nek za\u0159azen do v\u00edce v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f, vypo\u010dte se pod\u00edl za ka\u017ed\u00fd obor a n\u00e1sledn\u011b do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vstupuje jejich pr\u016fm\u011br.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Tento ukazatel je snadno interpretovateln\u00fd. Hodnota 1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011bru normaliza\u010dn\u00edho souboru, zat\u00edmco nap\u0159. hodnota 0,9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee citovanost dan\u00e9 publikace je 10 % pod pr\u016fm\u011brem citovanosti normaliza\u010dn\u00edho souboru, a hodnota 1,2 znamen\u00e1 citovanost 20 % nad pr\u016fm\u011brem normaliza\u010dn\u00edho souboru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Tento ukazatel b\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkdy upraven jako tzv. Field normalised citation score<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n

          \n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

          Rozd\u00edlem je, \u017ee tento ukazatel na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edchoz\u00edho zach\u00e1z\u00ed se v\u0161emi \u010dl\u00e1nky stejn\u011b, zat\u00edmco p\u0159edchoz\u00ed ukazatel d\u00e1val v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1hu \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016fm v normaliza\u010dn\u00ed skupin\u011b s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi referen\u010dn\u00edmi hodnotami (Lundberg 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vyu\u017eit\u00ed obou indik\u00e1tor\u016f je omezeno n\u00e1ro\u010dnost\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00ed normaliza\u010dn\u00edho souboru, tedy dostupnost dat o pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 citovanosti v jednotliv\u00fdch oborech, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed nijak centr\u00e1ln\u011b stanovena, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd evalu\u00e1tor si ji mus\u00ed vypo\u010d\u00edtat ze zna\u010dn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho souboru dat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Ukazatelem vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm pro identifikaci excelence jsou tzv. vysoce citovan\u00e9 publikace<\/strong> (highly citated publications \u2013 HCP<\/em>). Sleduje, kolik \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f spad\u00e1 mezi 10 % nejv\u00edce citovan\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f (Waltman, Van Eck, Van Raan 2012). Je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 volit i jin\u00fd percentil, nap\u0159. 5 \u010di 20 %. Je doporu\u010deno tento ukazatel pou\u017e\u00edvat pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed trend\u016f v pozici v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 instituce a v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch skupin na sv\u011btov\u00e9m vrcholu (CWTS 2007). Tento ukazatel je mo\u017en\u00e9 vzt\u00e1hnout k jednotliv\u00fdm \u010dasopis\u016fm a k jednotliv\u00fdm obor\u016fm. Zitt et al (2005) uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma \u00farovn\u011bmi existuj\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. Nap\u0159. konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek m\u016f\u017ee pat\u0159it mezi 10 % nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v dan\u00e9m oboru, ale nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt zastoupen mezi 10 % nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dasopise, pokud se jedn\u00e1 o \u010dasopis s vysok\u00fdm impakt faktorem a naopak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Citovanost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 vyu\u017eita k hodnocen\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed. Pomoc\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed data o citovanosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 nap\u0159. zji\u0161\u0165ovat bl\u00edzkost a intenzitu vazeb mezi obory, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi pracovi\u0161ti, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi t\u00fdmy \u010di mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed tok znalost\u00ed. D\u00e1le m\u016f\u017ee uk\u00e1zat vazby konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho \u010dl\u00e1nku na jin\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace a v\u011bdn\u00ed obory. Podle po\u010dtu citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku \u010dl\u00e1nky z jin\u00fdch obor\u016f se krom\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed hodnot\u00ed tak\u00e9 dopady na jin\u00e9 obory v\u00fdzkumu. Opa\u010dn\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 zji\u0161\u0165ovat po\u010det obor\u016f, kter\u00e9 dan\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek cituje, co\u017e indikuje rozsah, jak\u00fdm je proveden\u00fd v\u00fdzkum zalo\u017een na integraci poznatk\u016f jin\u00fdch obor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Bibliometrick\u00e9 ukazatele je t\u0159eba vhodn\u011b volit v souvislosti s c\u00edli hodnocen\u00ed a evalua\u010dn\u00edmi ot\u00e1zkami a opatrn\u011b je interpretovat, a to zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se hodnot\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la r\u016fzn\u00fdch obor\u016f. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrick\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u0159adu etick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek. Jako ka\u017ed\u00e9 jin\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dezinterpretov\u00e1no. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu vytvo\u0159ili Hicks, Wouters, Waltman, de Rijjcke a Rafols (2015) Leiden Manifesto, kter\u00fd stanovuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed 10 pravidel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Kvantitativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed by m\u011blo podporovat kvalitativn\u00ed, expertn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed. Ukazatele nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt n\u00e1hradou za posudky expert\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • V\u00fdkonnost v\u00fdzkumu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt m\u011b\u0159ena v z\u00e1vislosti na c\u00edlech hodnocen\u00ed, posl\u00e1n\u00edch hodnocen\u00fdch jednotek. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd univers\u00e1ln\u00ed model.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Excelence v m\u00edstn\u011b specifick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu (nap\u0159. v historii, etnologii, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed v\u011bd\u011b) mus\u00ed b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bna. Problematika m\u00edstn\u011b specifick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zohledn\u011bna p\u0159i tvorb\u011b metodiky a hodnocen\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Sb\u011br dat a jejich anal\u00fdza mus\u00ed b\u00fdt otev\u0159en\u00e9, transparentn\u00ed a jednoduch\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Hodnocen\u00fdm subjekt\u016fm je t\u0159eba umo\u017enit verifikovat data a anal\u00fdzy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Mezioborov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v publika\u010dn\u00edch a cita\u010dn\u00edch zvyklostech mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zohledn\u011bny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Hodnocen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f mus\u00ed b\u00fdt kvalitativn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Je t\u0159eba se vyhnout vysok\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tnosti a fale\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti hodnocen\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 vlivy hodnocen\u00ed a ukazatel\u016f na cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m VaV by m\u011bly b\u00fdt sledov\u00e1ny, proto\u017ee ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed publika\u010dn\u00ed a cita\u010dn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Vypov\u00eddac\u00ed schopnost a aktu\u00e1lnost ukazatel\u016f mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pravideln\u011b sledov\u00e1ny a ukazatele mus\u00ed b\u00fdt aktualizov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            1. Zdroje bibliometrick\u00fdch informac\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou nejvyu\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi bibliometrick\u00fdmi datab\u00e1zemi komer\u010dn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze Thomson Reuters Web of Science a Elsevier SciVerse Scopus. Za\u0159azen\u00ed odborn\u00e9ho periodika do t\u011bchto datab\u00e1z\u00ed je ur\u010dit\u00fdm ukazatelem kvality periodika a n\u00e1sledn\u011b i kvality \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly v takov\u00e9m periodiku publikov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Web of Science (WoS) je hlavn\u00ed platformou pro vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch a v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch informac\u00ed. Pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 12 tis\u00edc titul\u016f odborn\u00fdch periodik a v\u00edce ne\u017e 160 tis\u00edc sborn\u00edk\u016f konferenc\u00ed. Obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 90 milion\u016f z\u00e1znam\u016f a 800 milion\u016f citovan\u00fdch odkaz\u016f. Z hlediska oborov\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed odborn\u00fdch \u010dasopis\u016f WoS pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasopis\u016f v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasopis\u016f technick\u00fdch obor\u016f. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je v\u0161ak pokryt\u00ed \u010dasopis\u016f v soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a humanitn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch, kde se soust\u0159ed\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b na angloamerick\u00e9 \u010dasopisy (Ossenblok, Engels a Sivertsen 2012). P\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed WoS pro bibliometrick\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 zohlednit, \u017ee je selektivn\u00ed datab\u00e1z\u00ed. Nesna\u017e\u00ed se o \u00faplnost pokryt\u00ed publikac\u00ed, ale odborn\u00e1 periodika jsou do datab\u00e1ze vyb\u00edr\u00e1na na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u011bkolika krit\u00e9ri\u00ed (Testa 2012), kter\u00fdmi jsou: publika\u010dn\u00ed standardy (peer review, pravideln\u00e9 publikov\u00e1n\u00ed), obsah (p\u0159idan\u00e1 hodnota v dan\u00e9m oboru), rozmanitost (mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed, region\u00e1ln\u00ed vliv autor\u016f, redaktor\u016f), cita\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdza (p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce redaktor\u016f a autor\u016f) a jazyk (v\u011bt\u0161ina \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v angli\u010dtin\u011b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Datab\u00e1ze Scopus zahrnuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 21 000 aktivn\u00edch titul\u016f periodik od 5000 vydavatel\u016f z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a 8000 neaktivn\u00edch titul\u016f. Celkov\u00fd po\u010det z\u00e1znam\u016f dosahuje 54 milion\u016f, z nich\u017e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovina je od roku 1996 do sou\u010dasnosti (\u00fapln\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o citac\u00edch jsou od roku 1996). Humanitn\u00ed obory jsou sledov\u00e1ny od roku 2009, v sou\u010dasnosti indexuje v t\u011bchto oborech v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 000 periodik. Oproti WoS Scopus usiluje o \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pokryt\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 produkce. Scopus pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dvojn\u00e1sobek titul\u016f ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s WoS av\u0161ak v krat\u0161\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m intervalu. Dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v odli\u0161n\u00e9m oborov\u00e9m t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              U\u017eivatelsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup a mo\u017enosti vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v obou datab\u00e1z\u00edch jsou obdobn\u00e9. Poskytuj\u00ed mo\u017enost vyhled\u00e1vat \u010dl\u00e1nky v periodik\u00e1ch podle kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch slov, jmen autor\u016f, instituc\u00ed, data publikov\u00e1n\u00ed a logick\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed. Z\u00e1znamy lze exportovat do klientsk\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed, spolupracuj\u00ed s textov\u00fdm editorem a podporuj\u00ed cita\u010dn\u00ed zvyklosti a form\u00e1ty jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f a periodik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ob\u011b datab\u00e1ze poskytuj\u00ed placen\u00e9 scientometrick\u00e9 nadstavby pro anal\u00fdzu bibliometrick\u00fdch dat \u2013 InCites (WoS) a SciVal (Scopus). Ob\u011b nadstavby poskytuj\u00ed obdobn\u00e9 slu\u017eby a analytick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. Obsahuj\u00ed metriky pro hodnocen\u00ed produktivity (informace o objemu v\u00fdstup\u016f), efektivity, excelence, cita\u010dn\u00edch dopad\u016f, spolupr\u00e1ce, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9mat v dan\u00e9 discipl\u00edn\u011b i interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u011b \u010di detekci nov\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu. U\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1staveb v\u00fdrazn\u011b zleh\u010duje a urychluje anal\u00fdzu bibliometrick\u00fdch dat oproti generov\u00e1n\u00ed surov\u00fdch dat, jejich \u201eru\u010dn\u00edmu\u201c zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a vlastn\u00ed anal\u00fdze. Nev\u00fdhodou v\u0161ak je \u010distota a definov\u00e1n\u00ed podkladov\u00fdch dat a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b InCites mo\u017enost pou\u017e\u00edvat pouze predefinovan\u00e9 ukazatele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              V obou datab\u00e1z\u00edch existuje ur\u010dit\u00e1 chybovost ve jm\u00e9nech autor\u016f, jejich afiliac\u00edch, po\u010dtech stran, \u010d\u00edslech \u010dasopis\u016f apod. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu je pro kvalitn\u00ed bibiometrick\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka identifikovat s vyu\u017eit\u00edm internetov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f a seznamem jeho publikac\u00ed a \u017eivotopisu (Reimann 2013). D\u00e1le se objevuj\u00ed probl\u00e9my s propojov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a jejich citacemi v jin\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b publikac\u00ed, na nich\u017e spolupracoval velk\u00fd po\u010det autor\u016f, kde m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k r\u016fzn\u00fdm variant\u00e1m po\u0159ad\u00ed autor\u016f. (Butler 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. P\u0159\u00edklady vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                Bibliometrie b\u00fdv\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed i nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni. P\u0159\u00edkladem vyu\u017eit\u00ed na nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni je pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e1 evaluace 7. R\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho programu v\u00fdzkumu. Tato evaluace je sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159\u00edkladem aplikace pouze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch bibliometrick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. P\u0159\u00edklady hodnocen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch program\u016f mohou b\u00fdt hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f americk\u00e9 agentury National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration a \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 agentury ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Evropsk\u00fd 7. r\u00e1mcov\u00fd program v\u00fdzkumu<\/strong> byl po cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 obdob\u00ed d\u016fkladn\u011b evaluov\u00e1n s vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u0159ady kvalitativn\u00edch a kvantitativn\u00edch metod. Jednou z metod byla i bibliometrie, kter\u00e1 byla aplikov\u00e1na pro pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed. Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed vypracovan\u00e9 firmou Thomson Reuters (2010), na n\u011bm\u017e se pod\u00edlela \u0159ada expert\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed EU, se zam\u011b\u0159ovalo na zodpov\u011bzen\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ot\u00e1zek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Jak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zlep\u0161en dopad r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho programu a budouc\u00edho r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho programu na vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho prostoru?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Hraje r\u00e1mcov\u00fd program adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00falohu ve zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pozice Evropy na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed map\u011b v\u011bdy a technologi\u00ed?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Jak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zv\u00fd\u0161en dopad a p\u0159idan\u00e1 hodnota kolaborativn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd prob\u00edh\u00e1 mezi v\u011bdn\u00edmi obory, pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi sektory a politick\u00fdmi oblasti, s ohledem na lep\u0161\u00ed reakci na \u0161irok\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  Ze zn\u011bn\u00ed ot\u00e1zek je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee bibliometrie na tyto ot\u00e1zky nedok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo odpov\u011bd\u011bt. M\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak poskytnout d\u016fkazy o p\u0159edchoz\u00edm a st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm stavu v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch aktivit a zm\u011bn ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b. Tyto d\u016fkazy mohou b\u00fdt d\u00e1le interpretov\u00e1ny a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny kvalitativn\u00edmi metodami. Bibliometrick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza vypracovan\u00e1 spole\u010dnost\u00ed Thomson Reuters zji\u0161\u0165ovala, jak se zvy\u0161oval objem publikac\u00ed EU-27 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s hlavn\u00edmi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi regiony. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou ot\u00e1zkou bylo, jak v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci s vyu\u017eit\u00edm prost\u0159edk\u016f r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho programu reaguj\u00ed na zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed konkurenci. Proveden\u00e1 evaluace se zam\u011b\u0159ovala na celkov\u00e9 trendy v produkci publikac\u00ed a citovanosti. Byla zalo\u017eena jen na z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ukazatel\u00edch \u2013 po\u010dtu publikac\u00ed a citovanosti. U po\u010dtu publikac\u00ed porovn\u00e1vala produkci EU-27 se sv\u011btem, USA, Latinskou Amerikou a asijsko-pacifickou oblast\u00ed. D\u00e1le sledovala rozd\u00edly mez\u00ed EU-15 a nov\u00fdmi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi a produkci ve vybran\u00fdch oborech \u2013 materi\u00e1lov\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu, fyzice, molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologii a genetice. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovanosti hodnocen\u00e9 dle z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f byla nep\u0159\u00edmo posuzov\u00e1na kvalita v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<\/strong> je feder\u00e1ln\u00ed agenturou mj. financuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, rybolovu, hodnocen\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn a ochrany pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Hodnocen\u00ed sv\u00fdch program\u016f tato agentura nech\u00e1pe jen jako sou\u010d\u00e1st jejich efektivn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 jako n\u00e1stroj pro postupn\u00e9 zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Metodika hodnocen\u00ed (Belter, Sen 2014), kterou tato agentura vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, je organizov\u00e1na do \u010dty\u0159 hlavn\u00edch oblast\u00ed \u2013 produkce, spolupr\u00e1ce, t\u00e9ma a kvalita. Ukazatele produkce m\u011b\u0159\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f v\u00fdzkumu, ukazatele spolupr\u00e1ce se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na identifikaci mno\u017estv\u00ed znalost\u00ed sd\u00edlen\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky vn\u011b aktivit podpo\u0159en\u00fdch NOAA a hlavn\u00edmi dom\u00e1c\u00edmi a zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi partnery z r\u016fzn\u00fdch institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch sektor\u016f. Ukazatele t\u00e9matu identifikuj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 oblasti a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch poznatk\u016f mezi dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdn\u00ed obory. Ukazatele kvality m\u011b\u0159\u00ed hodnotu v\u00fdsledk\u016f pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeckou komunitu. Jedn\u00e1 se o tyto ukazatele:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • Produkce \u2013 kolik bylo publikov\u00e1no \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • Po\u010det publikac\u00ed v dan\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Po\u010det publikac\u00ed agregovan\u00e9 jednotky (v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd t\u00fdm, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 organizace apod.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Spolupr\u00e1ce \u2013 s k\u00fdm byly \u010dl\u00e1nky publikov\u00e1ny?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Procento publikac\u00ed se spoluautorem z jin\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace, procento publikac\u00ed se spoluautorem z jin\u00e9ho sektoru, z jin\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • T\u00e9ma \u2013 o \u010dem jsou \u010dl\u00e1nky a jak integruj\u00ed discipl\u00edny<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Po\u010det publikac\u00ed podle t\u00e9mat, po\u010det publikac\u00ed podle v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, po\u010det oblast\u00ed cituj\u00edc\u00edch dan\u00e9 publikace, pom\u011br citac\u00ed uvnit\u0159 a mezi oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu dan\u00e9 publikace<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Kvalita \u2013 jak dobr\u00e9 jsou \u010dl\u00e1nky?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Po\u010det citac\u00ed, po\u010det citac\u00ed na publikaci, celkov\u00e9 procentu publikac\u00ed v 10 % nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, po\u010det publikac\u00ed v 10 % nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v jednotliv\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch oborech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e1 agentury ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong> pomoc\u00ed bibliometrie vyhodnotila 7 program\u016f realizovan\u00fdch v letech 2003\u20132012 (Sandstr\u00f6m 2014). Evaluace se zam\u011b\u0159ovala na zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed celkov\u00e9 produkce program\u016f a zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kvality na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovanosti. Evaluace byla zalo\u017eena na kvantitativn\u00ed anal\u00fdze v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f registrovan\u00fdch v datab\u00e1zi WoS, nikoliv na anal\u00fdze v\u0161ech v\u00fdstup\u016f evaluovan\u00fdch program\u016f. Hodnocen\u00ed bylo realizov\u00e1no na \u00farovni v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f. Na rozd\u00edl od v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f byly vyu\u017eity i pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed ukazatele. Ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f byl vyu\u017eit jen po\u010det \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132012 a sou\u010det autorsk\u00fdch pod\u00edl\u016f (autor\u016f podpo\u0159en\u00fdch programy) na \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch v tomto obdob\u00ed. Z pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edch ukazatel\u016f byl vyu\u017eit ukazatel Field adjusted production<\/em>, kter\u00fd produkci v dan\u00e9m oboru vztahoval k pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m cel\u00e9 Skandin\u00e1vie. D\u00e1le v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 ukazatele Normalisation field citation score<\/em> a Field normalised citation score<\/em>, kter\u00e9 citovanost vztahuj\u00ed k pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 citovanosti za celou Skandin\u00e1vii v jednotliv\u00fdch oborech. Dal\u0161\u00edmi vyu\u017eit\u00fdmi ukazateli byly percentu\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00edl \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v 5 % nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a Normalised journal citation score<\/em>, kter\u00fd vztahuje citovanost \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f k pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 citovanosti \u010dasopis\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch byly zve\u0159ejn\u011bny, a Standard citation score, <\/em>kter\u00fd je definov\u00e1n takto:<\/p>\n\n\n

                      \n
                      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                      Kde \"\"je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota logaritmu po\u010dtu citac\u00ed (plus 0,5) v normaliza\u010dn\u00ed skupin\u011b a \"\"  je standardn\u00ed odchylka rozlo\u017een\u00ed \"\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Tento ukazatel reaguje na \u0161ikm\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed citovanosti. Auto\u0159i evaluace program\u016f \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 agentury \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed jej doporu\u010duj\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat jako dopln\u011bk v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho ukazatele Field normalised citation score<\/em>, kdy se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro triangulaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Pokud existuj\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi t\u011bmito ukazateli, doporu\u010duj\u00ed za vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ukazatel Standard citation score.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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                      1. Hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                        Oproti zem\u00edm s vysp\u011blou evalua\u010dn\u00ed kulturou se programy VaV v \u010cR za\u010daly systematicky hodnotit teprve od roku 2004, kdy Vl\u00e1da \u010cR usnesen\u00edm \u010d. 644 ze dne 23. \u010dervna 2004 schv\u00e1lila Metodiku hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a ukon\u010den\u00fdch program\u016f. Tato metodika poskytla velmi obecn\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f, kter\u00fd s drobn\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami plat\u00ed a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti. Tato metodika ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 poskytovatel\u016fm \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 podpory VaV hodnotit ukon\u010den\u00e9 programy. Jin\u00e9 druhy hodnocen\u00ed metodika neuv\u00e1d\u00ed, nech\u00e1v\u00e1 je tedy na mo\u017enostech a uv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f. Tuto metodika v\u0161ak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat za metodiku v tom smyslu, jak je ch\u00e1p\u00e1na ve vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00edch. P\u0159edstavuje pouh\u00fd zhruba dvoustr\u00e1nkov\u00fd popis struktury hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy a dal\u0161\u00ed procedur\u00e1ln\u00ed postup, ani\u017e by uv\u00e1d\u011bla n\u011bjak\u00e9 evalua\u010dn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, c\u00edle hodnocen\u00ed a specifikovala pou\u017eit\u00e9 metody (\u010cadil 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Ve v\u00fdsledku se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee ukon\u010den\u00e9 programy byly hodnoceny pouze form\u00e1ln\u011b. V praxi toto hodnocen\u00ed vy\u00fastilo v pouhou tabulku, kde se pro jednotliv\u00e9 podpo\u0159en\u00e9 projekty uv\u00e1d\u011bl po\u010det jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f v\u00fdstup\u016f. Mal\u00fd d\u016fraz byl kladen na hodnocen\u00ed druh\u016f a kvality v\u00fdstup\u016f. Hodnocen\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f nebylo sledov\u00e1no v\u016fbec (\u010cadil 2011). Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed audit syst\u00e9mu VaVaI (Arnold 2011) zjistil, \u017ee v \u010cR nen\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV pova\u017eov\u00e1no za d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st procesu p\u0159\u00edpravy a realizace politik a program\u016f v oblasti VaV, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v zahrani\u010d\u00ed \u010dasto akcentovan\u00e1 \u00faloha hodnocen\u00ed ve smyslu z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a zku\u0161enost\u00ed z hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV (u\u010den\u00ed se) je \u010cR nedostate\u010dn\u011b vyvinuta \u010di v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f podpory VaV zcela sch\u00e1z\u00ed. Syst\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV je sp\u00ed\u0161e pouh\u00fdm monitorov\u00e1n\u00edm vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f a n\u00e1klad\u016f pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k jejich dosa\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        D\u016fraz st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed metodiky na hodnocen\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f p\u0159\u00edmo vyb\u00edz\u00ed k aplikaci bibliometrick\u00fdch metod. Tomu m\u016f\u017ee napomoci i existence centr\u00e1ln\u00edho Informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu, v\u00fdvoje a inovac\u00ed (IS VaVaI), kter\u00fd pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u0161echny poskytovatele ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 podpory VaV v \u010cR. Takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je v Evrop\u011b unik\u00e1tn\u00ed, proto\u017ee obvykle poskytovatel\u00e9 maj\u00ed pouze sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 nejsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b integrov\u00e1ny. P\u0159i propojen\u00ed datab\u00e1ze v\u00fdsledky z IS VaVaI s informacemi z WoS \u010di Scopus m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout datab\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 umo\u017en\u00ed aplikaci \u0159ady sofistikovan\u00fdch bibliometrick\u00fdch metod. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Bibliometrick\u00e9 metody jsme se sna\u017eili aplikovat p\u0159i z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 evaluaci N\u00e1rodn\u00edch program\u016f v\u00fdzkumu I a II a program\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce. C\u00edlem hodnocen\u00ed bylo jednak zhodnotit programy VaV tak, aby byly vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 jako n\u00e1stroj pro zefektivn\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 podpory VaV (zejm\u00e9na pro tvorbu navazuj\u00edc\u00edch program\u016f), k \u010demu\u017e jsme se sna\u017eili vych\u00e1zet z mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fdch standard\u016f a sou\u010dasn\u011b vyhov\u011bt po\u017eadavk\u016fm platn\u00e9 metodiky. Dal\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem byla snaha ov\u011b\u0159it mo\u017enost vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie jako vhodn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV v \u010cR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Z\u00e1sadn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem, kter\u00fd vyvstal p\u0159i formulov\u00e1n\u00ed metodiky pro z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed NPV I a II, bylo, \u017ee hodnocen\u00ed muselo prob\u011bhnout bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po ukon\u010den\u00ed program\u016f a na hodnocen\u00ed byl poskytovatelem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 podpory VaV stanoveno p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed \u2013 pouze 5 t\u00fddn\u016f \u2013 vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z platn\u00e9 metodiky hodnocen\u00ed ukon\u010den\u00fdch program\u016f. Toto p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b kontrastuje s \u010dasem vymezen\u00fdm na hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f v zem\u00edch s vysp\u011blou evalua\u010dn\u00ed kulturou, kdy se za minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010das pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro kvalitn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed pova\u017euje t\u0159i \u010dtvrt\u011b roku. Dan\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed nezahrnovalo jen vlastn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed a vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy, ale i vytvo\u0159en\u00ed datab\u00e1ze v\u00fdstup\u016f. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed datab\u00e1ze bylo t\u0159eba odstranit duplicity ve v\u00fdstupech, zkontrolovat a spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159adit afiliace autor\u016f a propojit informace o v\u00fdstupech s informacemi z WoS. Z bibliometrick\u00fdch metod bylo vzhledem k nedostatku \u010dasu a na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed aplikov\u00e1no pouze sledov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dtu v\u00fdstup\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se sledovaly po\u010dty a pom\u011bry jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f v\u00fdstup\u016f a to v \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f. U po\u010dtu \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v \u010dasopisech se zji\u0161\u0165ovalo, zda jsou publikov\u00e1ny v dom\u00e1c\u00edch a zahrani\u010dn\u00edch impaktovan\u00fdch \u010dasopisech. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b knih a kni\u017en\u00edch kapitol se pozornost zam\u011b\u0159ila na zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jazyka, ve kter\u00e9m byly seps\u00e1ny. M\u00edsto publikov\u00e1n\u00ed a jazyk publikov\u00e1n\u00ed jsme ch\u00e1pali jako nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd ukazatel kvality a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali jsme, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nky publikovan\u00e9 v angli\u010dtin\u011b v zahrani\u010dn\u00edm impaktovan\u00e9m periodiku dosahuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kvality. Sou\u010dasn\u011b jsou l\u00e9pe dostupn\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee budou vyu\u017eity zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky. D\u00e1le byly hodnoceny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed charakteristiky podpo\u0159en\u00fdch projekt\u016f ve smyslu jejich finan\u010dn\u00ed velikosti, d\u00e9lky realizace, kategori\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f a oborov\u00e9ho a geografick\u00e9ho \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Stejn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup av\u0161ak s vyu\u017eit\u00edm dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed mezi hlavn\u00edmi \u0159e\u0161iteli projekt\u016f byl aplikov\u00e1n tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce ve VaV\u2013 KONTAKT, COST, EUREKA a INGO. Jako velice cenn\u00e9 se uk\u00e1zalo proveden\u00ed dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, proto\u017ee jednak postihlo informace, kter\u00e9 nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat z dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed o v\u00fdstupech, a jednak napomohlo lep\u0161\u00ed interpretaci informac\u00ed o dosa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdsledc\u00edch. Dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159ovalo na zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed informac\u00ed o lidsk\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch zapojen\u00fdch do \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projekt\u016f, rozvoji mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce, p\u0159\u00ednosech t\u00e9to spolupr\u00e1ce, vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f projekt\u016f a administrativn\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti p\u0159\u00edpravy a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Krom\u011b dat z IS VaVaI, komer\u010dn\u00edch bibliometrick\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00ed \u010di dotazn\u00edkov\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat informace obsa\u017een\u00e9 v projektov\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1dostech, pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch z realizace projekt\u016f a oponentn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto informac\u00ed je v\u0161ak limitov\u00e1no pot\u0159ebou z\u00edskat souhlas \u0159e\u0161itel\u016f projekt\u016f, co\u017e je v \u0159ad\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        1. N\u00e1vrh bibliometrick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV v \u010cR<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                          Proveden\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee bibliometrie m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyu\u017eita pro hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f VaV v \u010cR. Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrick\u00fdch metod je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba prov\u00e1d\u011bt uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u011b v z\u00e1vislosti na c\u00edli a druhu hodnocen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          C\u00edlem program\u016f VaV v \u010cR obvykle b\u00fdv\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed kvality prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch aktivit VaV, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly poznatk\u016f, rozvoj spolupr\u00e1ce ve VaV, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly definov\u00e1ny n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi prioritami VaV. Krom\u011b posledn\u011b jmenovan\u00e9ho je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosa\u017een\u00ed v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f hodnotit s pomoc\u00ed bibliometrie. Pro hodnocen\u00ed uveden\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f lze navrhnout n\u011bkolik ukazatel\u016f, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00ed tabulka \u010d. 1. Tematicky jsou rozd\u011bleny do 4 skupin. Skupina produkce se vztahuje k problematice roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly poznatk\u016f, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed kvality VaV a k hodnocen\u00ed napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed priorit VaV. Je zastoupen\u00e1 ukazatelem po\u010det \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, kni\u017en\u00edch kapitol \u010di odborn\u00fdch knih. Sleduje, kolik se d\u00edky programu vytvo\u0159ilo publikac\u00ed. Skupina kvalita prim\u00e1rn\u011b odkazuje na pot\u0159ebu zv\u00fd\u0161it kvalitu VaV. Hodnot\u00ed kvalitu dosa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f (\u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f) na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovanosti jako\u017eto obecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce hodnocen\u00ed kvality. Citovanost sleduje pomoc\u00ed ukazatel\u016f \u2013 Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f (dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f) ve vztahu k pr\u016fm\u011bru vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00ed, Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f, Po\u010det (pod\u00edl) \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f ve 25 % a 10 % nejv\u00edce citovan\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f, Pod\u00edl po\u010dtu citac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky ze zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed dle projekt\u016f a v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f, Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00edl \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejsou citov\u00e1ny, dle jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f. Pomoc\u00ed skupiny spolupr\u00e1ce je hodnocen rozvoj mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a dom\u00e1c\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce ve VaV. Sleduje intenzitu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a dom\u00e1c\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce s vyu\u017eit\u00edm ukazatel\u016f \u2013 Po\u010det a pod\u00edl publikac\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch ve spolupr\u00e1ci se zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky celkem a dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f a Po\u010det a pod\u00edl publikac\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch ve spolupr\u00e1ci s v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky z jin\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace v \u010cR celkem a dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f. Skupina \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed reaguje zejm\u00e9na na c\u00edle program\u016f ve smyslu p\u0159enosu znalost\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b ukazatele Po\u010det v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b jejich vyjmenov\u00e1n\u00ed) cituj\u00edc\u00edch publikace vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 v jednotliv\u00fdch projektech, dle v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f zji\u0161\u0165uje, jak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed obory vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Uveden\u00e9 bibliometrick\u00e9 ukazatele lze pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f, v omezen\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e u pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho a ex-post hodnocen\u00ed (pr\u00e1v\u011b ukon\u010den\u00fdch program\u016f). U pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 poskytuje informace o realizaci aktivit, napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f podpo\u0159en\u00fdch projekt\u016f, pr\u016fb\u011bhu programu a napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho c\u00edl\u016f, je mo\u017en\u00e9 hodnotit, jak se zvy\u0161uje po\u010det publikac\u00ed dle jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f a kategori\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ex-post hodnocen\u00ed, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je zhodnotit cel\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh programu VaV, v\u00fdsledky, spln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f programu VaV a celkovou efektivitu vynalo\u017een\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f programu VaV, lze s pomoc\u00ed bibliometrie hodnotit po\u010det vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch publikac\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b jejich struktury a dom\u00e1c\u00ed i mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f vych\u00e1z\u00ed z ex-post hodnocen\u00ed programu, z n\u011bj\u017e p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na informace o produkci (vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00fdstupech) a spolupr\u00e1ci. Bibliometrick\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed by se u tohoto druhu hodnocen\u00ed m\u011blo v\u011bnovat zejm\u00e9na zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kvality v\u00fdstup\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovanosti a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch jednotliv\u00fdmi podpo\u0159en\u00fdmi projekty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f by se m\u011blo realizovat po n\u011bkolikalet\u00e9m odstupu po ukon\u010den\u00ed programu, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovanosti hodnotit kvalitu a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed. Stanovit vhodn\u00e9 cita\u010dn\u00ed okno je t\u0159eba velmi uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u011b, proto\u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 obory maj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 cita\u010dn\u00ed charakteristiky. Proto je vhodn\u00e9, aby rozsah \u010dasov\u00e9ho okna, resp. doba pro proveden\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovanosti nebyla stanovena centr\u00e1ln\u011b, ale stanovov\u00e1na ad hoc. Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, v zahrani\u010d\u00ed se \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 t\u0159\u00ed a\u017e p\u011btilet\u00e9 plovouc\u00ed cita\u010dn\u00ed okno. Av\u0161ak i p\u011btilet\u00e9 okno m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a humanitn\u00edch v\u011bd. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f pokr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch n\u011bkolik obor\u016f je t\u0159eba stanovit cita\u010dn\u00ed okno na z\u00e1klad\u011b ur\u010dit\u00e9ho kompromisu a obory hodnotit samostatn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Pro hodnocen\u00ed by se vyu\u017e\u00edvala data z IS VaVaI zkombinovan\u00e1 s informacemi z WoS a Scopus. P\u0159i vytvo\u0159en\u00ed datab\u00e1ze kombinuj\u00edc\u00ed tyto t\u0159i datov\u00e9 zdroje je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba sjednotit odli\u0161n\u00e9 klasifikace v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f a spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159adit afiliace, kter\u00e9 se mohou u jednotliv\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00ed li\u0161it.<\/p>\n\n\n

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                          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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                          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                          Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Bibliometrick\u00e9 metody jsou v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jedn\u011bmi z nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro hodnocen\u00ed VaV v\u010detn\u011b program\u016f VaV. Jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi agenturami i Evropskou komis\u00ed zejm\u00e9na pro hodnocen\u00ed kvality a v\u011bdeck\u00fdch dopad\u016f. Bibliometrie obvykle neb\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed program\u016f jedin\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, ale b\u00fdv\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e podkladem pro peer review hodnocen\u00ed a pro triangulaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f tohoto hodnocen\u00ed. Pomoc\u00ed bibliometrie je mo\u017en\u00e9 hodnotit celkovou produkci v\u00fdsledk\u016f, spolupr\u00e1ci, transfer znalost\u00ed a nep\u0159\u00edmo lze pomoc\u00ed cita\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy usuzovat na kvalitu v\u00fdstup\u016f. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdhodou vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie je relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena. Nev\u00fdhoda spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee publika\u010dn\u00ed i cita\u010dn\u00ed praxe jsou oborov\u011b velmi specifick\u00e9, co\u017e znesnad\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed bibliometrie pro hodnocen\u00ed aplikovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a hodnocen\u00ed humanitn\u00edch obor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          V \u010cR lze bibliometrii vyu\u017e\u00edt pro hodnocen\u00ed ukon\u010den\u00fdch program\u016f a pro hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f. Zejm\u00e9na hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e9st zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 informace o rozvoji spolupr\u00e1ce, kvalit\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f a jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00fdzkumnou sf\u00e9rou. Z\u00e1sadn\u00edm omezen\u00edm v\u0161ak je st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed, kter\u00fd stanovuje, \u017ee programy se hodnot\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po ukon\u010den\u00ed, co\u017e znemo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed cita\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy, a sou\u010dasn\u011b stanovuje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tkou dobu pro realizaci hodnocen\u00ed. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit malou popt\u00e1vku po hodnocen\u00ed, a to zejm\u00e9na po hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Zdroje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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                          The aim of this article is to introduce bibliometrics, a field based on quantitative analysis of scientific publications, as a tool for research programmes evaluation. It points out weaknesses of bibiometrics and proposes potential use of bibliometrics for evaluation of research programmes implemented in the Czech Republic. Bibliometrics is widely used for evaluation of production and quality of research, co-operation and knowledge transfer. It is a valuable basis for peer review evaluation and for validation of peer review evaluation outputs. The strengths of the application of bibliometrics consist in relatively low cost, short time needed for evaluation and the possibility of generalization. Weaknesses are huge differences among scientific fields in terms of their publication and citation praxis limiting evaluation of applied research and humanities. In the Czech Republic, the bibliometric evaluation has not been applied yet, nevertheless, foreign practices show that bibliometrics is a useful tool for ex-post and impact evaluations. The article proposes possible indicators, which could be used for programmes evaluations in the Czech Republic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1440"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1440\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1443,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1440\/revisions\/1443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}