{"id":1488,"date":"2023-08-30T17:32:25","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T15:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/uncategorized\/metody-identifikace-zainteresovanych-stran\/"},"modified":"2023-09-18T09:18:34","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T07:18:34","slug":"stakeholders-identification-methods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/articles\/stakeholders-identification-methods\/","title":{"rendered":"Stakeholders Identification Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stakeholders Identification Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstrakt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anal\u00fdza zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (stakeholder\u016f) p\u0159edstavuje v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi ji\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u011b akceptovanou sou\u010d\u00e1st hodnot\u00edc\u00edho procesu. I&nbsp;p\u0159esto z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u011b uplat\u0148ovan\u00e9 postupy v tomto ohledu nedostate\u010dn\u00e9. Zainteresovan\u00e9 strany b\u00fdvaj\u00ed identifikov\u00e1ny jen intuitivn\u011b a nesystematicky, spektrum zainteresovan\u00fdch stran z\u00fa\u017eeno na administr\u00e1tora intervence a c\u00edlov\u00e9 skupiny. C\u00edlem t\u00e9to stati je pouk\u00e1zat na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed metody a p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i anal\u00fdze zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i jejich identifikaci. Nesystematick\u00e9 metody jako brainstorming, rozhovory s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi informanty a snowball se vyskytuj\u00ed v evaluac\u00edch \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e systematick\u00e9, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z d\u016fvodu snadn\u00e9 aplikace, maj\u00ed ale vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l pro subjektivnost a ne\u00faplnou identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Text zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fle\u017eitost systematick\u00e9ho a&nbsp;neintuitivn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran s c\u00edlem vyv\u00e1\u017eit nedostatky nesystematick\u00fdch metod a povzbudit k systemati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci se zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami v evaluaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stakeholder analysis is considered a common part of current evaluation practice. In spite of that, the procedures applied in the area remain insufficient. Stakeholders tend to be identified only in an intuitive and piecemeal fashion, the range of stakeholders narrowed down to the program administrator or target groups. The aim of this paper is to highlight specific methods and approaches that are suitable for use in stakeholder analysis, and particularly in their identification. Non-systematic (intuitive) methods such as brainstorming, key informant interviews and snowball are used in&nbsp;evaluation more frequently than systematic approaches due to their relative ease of application, yet their potential for subjectivity and incompleteness of stakeholder analysis is much greater. The paper emphasizes the importance of systematic and non-intuitive stakeholder identification in order to overcome the shortcomings of non-systematic methods and&nbsp;encourage a more comprehensive work with stakeholders in evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, anal\u00fdza, systematick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, intuitivn\u00ed metody, mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stakeholders, analysis, systematic approach, intuitive methods, stakeholder mapping<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tradici diskurzu o zainteresovan\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch a jejich zapojov\u00e1n\u00ed do procesu evaluace lze vysledovat od p\u0159elomu 70. a 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy na&nbsp;v\u00fdznam zainteresovan\u00fdch stran za\u010daly poukazovat mnoh\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, zejm\u00e9na pak responzivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup R. Stakea (1975) a konstruktivistick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup E. Guby a Y. Lincolnov\u00e9 (1989). I p\u0159esto v\u0161ak pozornost, kter\u00e1 se v&nbsp;evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi v\u011bnuje identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran a anal\u00fdze jejich z\u00e1jm\u016f, s\u00edly a vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vztah\u016f, nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e1. Rezignace na&nbsp;d\u016fkladnou anal\u00fdzu zainteresovan\u00fdch stran se obvykle op\u00edr\u00e1 o domn\u011blou \u010dasovou a zdrojovou n\u00e1ro\u010dnost dan\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. V\u00fdznamnou bari\u00e9rou je tak\u00e9 n\u00edzk\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o vhodn\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch pramen\u00edc\u00ed ze skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 techniky jsou pops\u00e1ny jen d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Relevantn\u00ed prameny jsou nav\u00edc \u010dasto rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a je t\u0159eba je hledat i v jin\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch discipl\u00edn\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. v r\u00e1mci politologie \u010di psychologie). Objevuj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 argumenty, \u017ee anal\u00fdza zainteresovan\u00fdch stran b\u00fdv\u00e1 v evaluac\u00edch prov\u00e1d\u011bna a b\u011b\u017en\u011b se uplat\u0148uje. Je pravdou, \u017ee se o zainteresovan\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch a&nbsp;jejich z\u00e1jmech, postoj\u00edch \u010di chov\u00e1n\u00ed mluv\u00ed v souvislosti s evaluacemi \u010dasto a poukazuje se mj. na to, \u017ee se zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami byly vedeny rozhovory nebo \u017ee byly jinak zapojeny do procesu evaluace. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b takov\u00fdchto p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f v\u0161ak zainteresovan\u00e9 strany b\u00fdvaj\u00ed identifikov\u00e1ny jen intuitivn\u011b a nesystematicky, spektrum zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je z\u00fa\u017eeno na administr\u00e1tora intervence, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jsou zainteresovan\u00e9 strany ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1ny s c\u00edlov\u00fdmi skupinami. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd obraz posuzovan\u00e9 intervence zprost\u0159edkovan\u00fd takto koncipovanou evaluac\u00ed pak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt parci\u00e1ln\u00ed a pok\u0159iven\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00edlem t\u00e9to stati je pouk\u00e1zat na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed metody a p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i anal\u00fdze zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i&nbsp;jejich identifikaci. Jak je patrn\u00e9 z dal\u0161\u00edho textu, jde jak o nesystematick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na tradi\u010dn\u00edch technik\u00e1ch, jak\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159. rozhovory s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi informanty \u010di re\u0161er\u0161e, tak tak\u00e9 o p\u0159\u00edstupy systematick\u00e9,<br>kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b obvykl\u00e9 techniky. Tato p\u0159ehledov\u00e1 studie si tedy klade za c\u00edl poskytnout systematick\u00fd p\u0159ehled relevantn\u00edch metod a pou\u017eiteln\u00fdch technik a argumentovat, \u017ee pro d\u016fkladnou anal\u00fdzu zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zvolit adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed postup umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 a spolehliv\u00e9 rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. To n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt k hlub\u0161\u00edmu a komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu porozum\u011bn\u00ed posuzovan\u00e9 intervence a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b tak\u00e9 k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed objektivnosti a p\u0159ijatelnosti evalua\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 panorama vyu\u017eit\u00ed anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pot\u0159eba d\u016fkladn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi akceptovanou a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kontextech dokonce neodmyslitelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hodnot\u00edc\u00edho procesu. Pe\u010dliv\u00e1 identifikace a adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed zp\u016fsob anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e1, nebo\u0165 mj. umo\u017e\u0148uje objasnit rozd\u00edlnost perspektiv, kter\u00e9 evalua\u010dn\u00ed t\u00fdm nen\u00ed schopen ze sv\u00e9 pozice identifikovat a objasnit zd\u00e1nliv\u011b protich\u016fdn\u00e9 efekty posuzovan\u00e9ho programu. Nav\u00edc umo\u017e\u0148uje zjistit, co zainteresovan\u00e9 strany o hodnocen\u00e9 intervenci nebo problematice v\u011bd\u00ed a vyvarovat se tak zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdch skute\u010dnost\u00ed (Preskill a Jones, 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identifikace a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zainteresovan\u00fdch stran pom\u00e1h\u00e1 v \u0159ad\u011b situac\u00ed tv\u016frc\u016fm intervenc\u00ed poskytovat informace o kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch akt\u00e9rech, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed z\u00e1jem na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch posuzovan\u00e9 intervence (Schmeer, 1999). Zapojen\u00edm v\u0161ech relevantn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran poj\u00edm\u00e1 evaluace strategi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed perspektivu a jej\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry a doporu\u010den\u00ed lze, za jinak stejn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, pova\u017eovat za validn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ucelen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zat\u00edmco \u00fa\u010dast zainteresovan\u00fdch stran na pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed intervenc\u00ed a do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry i na jejich prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed je zohled\u0148ov\u00e1na p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b a prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed intervence, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed evaluace je praxe odli\u0161n\u00e1. Z toho d\u016fvodu je nutn\u00e9 odli\u0161it zapojov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran do procesu evaluace od jejich zapojov\u00e1n\u00ed do intervence samotn\u00e9. Tato sta\u0165, pokud nen\u00ed explicitn\u011b uvedeno jinak, se zam\u011b\u0159uje na zapojov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran do evaluace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Navzdory tomu, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce se zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami p\u0159edstavuje integr\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st v\u011bt\u0161iny soudob\u00fdch evalua\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f (Remr, 2013), v&nbsp;evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi nejsou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 postupy uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny v&nbsp;dostate\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e. P\u0159i mnoh\u00fdch evaluac\u00edch jsou zainteresovan\u00e9 strany z\u00fa\u017eeny pouze na&nbsp;zadavatele evaluace a c\u00edlovou skupinu (resp. na p\u0159\u00edjemce podpory \u010di&nbsp;na&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 beneficienty). Zainteresovan\u00e9 strany jsou pak \u010dasto pouze identifikov\u00e1ny, ani\u017e by byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn dal\u0161\u00ed rozbor jejich z\u00e1jm\u016f a vztahu jednotliv\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran k posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci \u010di k evaluaci a jej\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm. Rovn\u011b\u017e chyb\u00ed strategie anal\u00fdzy a synt\u00e9zy v\u00fdsledk\u016f evaluace zohled\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed roli, v\u00fdznam a moc jednotliv\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m identifikace a anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je ze strany evalu\u00e1tor\u016f i zadavatel\u016f evaluac\u00ed v\u011bnov\u00e1na pouze okrajov\u00e1 pozornost. Nedokonal\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zainteresovan\u00fdch stran v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jen probl\u00e9mem evaluac\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch v \u010cR, nebo\u0165 na mnoh\u00e9 z nich poukazuj\u00ed i prameny publikovan\u00e9 v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Nerozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi klienty a dal\u0161\u00edmi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami evaluace bylo mj. identifikov\u00e1no jako jedna z \u010dast\u00fdch chyb ji\u017e v roce 1994 v r\u00e1mci druh\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u011b nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch standard\u016f pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed evaluac\u00ed interven\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f JCSEE (Sanders, 1994). Neuspokojiv\u00e1 situace p\u0159itom p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 do sou\u010dasnosti (Grooves a Guijt, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00fdznam problematiky<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxe zaost\u00e1v\u00e1 za po\u017eadavky, kter\u00e9 jsou definov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi oborov\u00fdmi normami. Standardy evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxe vydan\u00e9 V\u00fdborem pro&nbsp;evaluace ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (JCSEE)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/metody-identifikace-sth\/#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;uv\u00e1d\u011bly ve druh\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed z roku 1994 identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran jako prvn\u00ed standard cel\u00e9ho souboru (Sanders, 1994), kter\u00fd v n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 aktualizaci v roce 2010 p\u0159ed\u010dila pouze d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost evalu\u00e1tora (Yarbrough, Shula, Hopson a Caruthers, 2010). Obdobn\u011b vysokou d\u016fle\u017eitost identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 i \u010cesk\u00e1 evalua\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnost, jej\u00ed\u017e Form\u00e1ln\u00ed standardy prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed evaluac\u00ed jsou na v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m souboru zalo\u017eeny (\u010cES, 2013). Identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (resp. pozornost v\u011bnovan\u00e1 zainteresovan\u00fdm stran\u00e1m, jak se standard naz\u00fdv\u00e1 ve t\u0159et\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed JCSEE) spad\u00e1 do kategorie U\u017eite\u010dnost a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee \u201eevaluace by m\u011bla v\u011bnovat pozornost cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b jednotlivc\u016f a skupin zainteresovan\u00fdch v programu a dot\u010den\u00fdch jeho evaluac\u00ed (Canadian Evaluation Society, 2014).\u201c M\u00edra a adekv\u00e1tnost, s jakou jsou zainteresovan\u00e9 strany identifikov\u00e1ny a zapojeny do evaluace, ur\u010duje kvalitu a objektivitu v\u00fdstup\u016f evaluace a v\u00fdznamn\u011b tak ovliv\u0148uje jej\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdznam problematiky dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed tak\u00e9 mnoh\u00e9 manu\u00e1ly a p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky, kter\u00e9 na pot\u0159ebnost anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran explicitn\u011b upozor\u0148uj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Manu\u00e1l prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed monitoringu a evaluace vydan\u00fd Evropskou komis\u00ed pro programov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 2014\u20132020 v\u00fdslovn\u011b doporu\u010duje dr\u017eet se zaveden\u00fdch evalua\u010dn\u00edch standard\u016f, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed mj. zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (Evropsk\u00e1 komise, 2014). Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b dle Evropsk\u00e9 komise \u201eka\u017ed\u00fd program mus\u00ed jasn\u011b definovat, jak\u00fdch postup\u016f vyu\u017eije pro zapojen\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran\u201c (str. 37).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se o zapojen\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed i&nbsp;Standardy kvality v rozvojov\u00fdch evaluac\u00edch OECD DAC (OECD, 2010), dle nich\u017e je t\u0159eba relevantn\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany zapojit v ran\u00e9 f\u00e1zi evaluace a poskytnout jim p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost p\u0159isp\u011bt sv\u00fdmi n\u00e1m\u011bty do evalua\u010dn\u00edho designu (str. 9). Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee dostupn\u00e9 manu\u00e1ly a n\u00e1vody na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed evaluac\u00ed kladou na pr\u00e1ci se zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami zna\u010dn\u00fd d\u016fraz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pot\u0159ebnost anal\u00fdzy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V posledn\u00edm desetilet\u00ed do\u0161lo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu po\u010dtu p\u0159\u00edru\u010dek, manu\u00e1l\u016f a soubor\u016f n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed n\u00e1vod, jak efektivn\u011b anal\u00fdzu zainteresovan\u00fdch stran prov\u00e9st (nap\u0159. Brouwer, Groot Kormelinck a van Vugt, 2012; GTZ, 2007; Renard, 2004; REVIT, 2007; Schmeer, 1999). V\u011bt\u0161ina t\u011bchto dokument\u016f v\u0161ak poskytuje jen v\u00e1gn\u00ed a obecn\u00fd n\u00e1vod, zat\u00edmco konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed metody, pokud jsou popisov\u00e1ny, se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b na techniky prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci participativn\u00edch workshop\u016f. Tato sta\u0165 se proto sna\u017e\u00ed tuto informa\u010dn\u00ed mezeru alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vyplnit a navrhuje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed metody pro&nbsp;n\u00e1le\u017eitou identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Vymezen\u00ed a typologizace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Olander a Landin (2005) definuj\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany jako ty, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou pro program nebo projekt p\u0159edstavovat hrozbu nebo benefit. Zat\u00edmco toto vymezen\u00ed je typick\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e pro sv\u011bt korporac\u00ed, v oblasti evaluac\u00ed se za&nbsp;zainteresovan\u00e9 strany obvykle pova\u017euj\u00ed subjekty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed&nbsp;<em>z\u00e1jem<\/em>&nbsp;(stake) na tom, co se hodnot\u00ed, a kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1rove\u0148 v pozici, aby mohly v\u00fdsledky hodnocen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt (Preskill a Jones, 2009). Definice Olandera a Landina nicm\u00e9n\u011b poukazuje na okolnost, kter\u00e1 je z analytick\u00e9ho hlediska d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1: zainteresovan\u00e9 strany maj\u00ed nebo by mohly m\u00edt z\u00e1jem na ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed projektu \u010di programu a jsou v pozici, kdy mohou takov\u00fdto vliv uplatnit. Tato charakterizace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je relevantn\u00ed i pro oblast evaluac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159esto\u017ee lze n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran identifikovat velmi snadno, \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt evalu\u00e1torovi z\u0159ejm\u00e1. M\u016f\u017ee se jednat o&nbsp;zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 doposud neprojevily o danou intervenci nebo o tematickou oblast z\u00e1jem, p\u0159esto v\u0161ak mohou disponovat \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdmi mocensk\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji, kter\u00e9 mohou evaluaci v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi v\u00fdrazn\u011bji ovlivnit. Je proto velmi nep\u0159esn\u00e9 a metodologicky nekorektn\u00ed spol\u00e9hat na&nbsp;intuici p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jen odhadovat, kdo zainteresovanou stranou je a kdo nikoliv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V evalua\u010dn\u00ed literatu\u0159e se objevuje \u0159ada typologi\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed poskytuje Markiewicz (2005), kter\u00fd rozli\u0161uje mezi n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami: 1) tv\u016frci politik a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed management, 2) realiz\u00e1to\u0159i a administr\u00e1to\u0159i intervenc\u00ed a 3) u\u017eivatel\u00e9 slu\u017eeb nebo klienti. V z\u00e1vislosti na povaze intervence m\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak toto d\u011blen\u00ed b\u00fdt zna\u010dn\u011b zjednodu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, jeliko\u017e v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z uveden\u00fdch kategori\u00ed mohou existovat subjekty s rozd\u00edln\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy (nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi administr\u00e1tory intervenc\u00ed a jednotliv\u00fdmi realiz\u00e1tory). Z praxe je tak\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v mnoh\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nelze opom\u00edjet ani z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9 a justi\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 sice nemusej\u00ed m\u00edt p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd z\u00e1jem na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed intervenci, ale sv\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm mohou danou iniciativu zablokovat nebo zkomplikovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zainteresovan\u00e9 strany lze tak\u00e9 typologizovat na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich role ve&nbsp;vztahu k evaluaci nebo k posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou zainteresovanou stranou je pro evalu\u00e1tora obvykle zadavatel evaluace, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f spl\u00fdv\u00e1 se sponzorem evaluace. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee zadavatel evaluace od sponzora li\u0161it a&nbsp;v&nbsp;takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mohou m\u00edt ob\u011b zainteresovan\u00e9 strany na evaluaci odli\u0161n\u00fd z\u00e1jem. Rozd\u00edln\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy lze identifikovat i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch skupin zainteresovan\u00fdch stran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Guba a Lincoln (1981) v\u011bnovali rozd\u011blen\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (pro&nbsp;kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali pojem \u201epublikum\u201c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/metody-identifikace-sth\/#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>) zna\u010dnou pozornost a tradi\u010dn\u011b rozli\u0161ovali mezi publikem, kter\u00e9 hraje roli v podpo\u0159e nebo rozvoji intervence, publikem, kter\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b \u010derp\u00e1 v\u00fdhody z intervence, a publikem kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt danou intervenc\u00ed znev\u00fdhodn\u011bno \u010di dokonce po\u0161kozeno. Patton (2008) uv\u00e1d\u00ed obdobnou kategorizaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran podle jejich role v programu, klade v\u0161ak d\u016fraz na rozd\u00edln\u00e9 role v podpo\u0159e, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a implementaci programu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>subjekty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pravomoc rozhodovat o dan\u00e9 intervenci, v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch tv\u016frc\u016f politik, sponzor\u016f a poradc\u016f,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>subjekty, kter\u00e9 jsou za danou intervenci p\u0159\u00edmo zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9; d\u00e1le pak subjekty, kter\u00e9 ji navrhly, administr\u00e1to\u0159i, mana\u017ee\u0159i a pracovn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed poskytuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 slu\u017eby spojen\u00e9 s danou intervenc\u00ed,\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>subjekty, kter\u00e9 jsou zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdmi beneficienty,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>subjekty, kter\u00e9 jsou danou intervenc\u00ed znev\u00fdhodn\u011bny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rossi, Lipsey a Freeman (2004) jdou v diferenciaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1le a odli\u0161uj\u00ed tv\u016frce politik a subjekty s pravomoc\u00ed rozhodovat o&nbsp;dan\u00e9 intervenci od sponzor\u016f a zadavatel\u016f evaluace; z\u00e1rove\u0148 definuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 konkurenty posuzovan\u00e9 intervence (nap\u0159. alternativn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed programy). Auto\u0159i d\u00e1le doporu\u010duj\u00ed identifikovat tzv. kontextu\u00e1ln\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, kter\u00fdmi mohou b\u00fdt organizace, skupiny a jednotlivci, jejich\u017e aktivity p\u0159\u00edmo navazuj\u00ed \u010di souvisej\u00ed s danou intervenc\u00ed (nap\u0159. poskytovatel\u00e9 substitu\u010dn\u00edch \u010di komplement\u00e1rn\u00edch slu\u017eeb). Posledn\u00ed skupinou, kter\u00e9 by evalu\u00e1to\u0159i m\u011bli v\u011bnovat pozornost, jsou ostatn\u00ed evalu\u00e1to\u0159i a&nbsp;v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K subjekt\u016fm uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdm v r\u00e1mci v\u00fd\u0161e p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch typologi\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b doplnit samotn\u00e9 evalu\u00e1tory, kte\u0159\u00ed posuzuj\u00ed danou intervenci, nebo\u0165<br>i oni sami vn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed do procesu hodnocen\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy (nap\u0159. z\u00e1jem na&nbsp;aplikaci osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 \u010di naopak nov\u00e9 metody, z\u00e1jem na spln\u011bn\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zadavatele).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159i rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed toho, kdo pat\u0159\u00ed mezi zainteresovan\u00e9 strany hodnocen\u00e9 intervence je z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby v\u0161echny zainteresovan\u00e9 strany byly identifikov\u00e1ny na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u00farovni agregace, tj. na \u00farovni, kter\u00e1 d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl ze strategick\u00e9ho hlediska (Eden &amp; Ackermann, 1998, cit. v Bryson a kol., 2011). Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201eve\u0159ejn\u00e1 spr\u00e1va\u201c obvykle nen\u00ed zainteresovanou stranou, ale jej\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jako magistr\u00e1t m\u011bsta \u010di policie j\u00ed b\u00fdt mohou. Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 spr\u00e1va jako celek p\u0159edstavuje jakousi fantomovou zainteresovanou stranou (<em>phantom stakeholder<\/em>), a m\u011bla by proto b\u00fdt z v\u00fd\u010dtu identifikovan\u00fdch subjekt\u016f vynech\u00e1na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u016fzn\u00e9 skupiny a typy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran se mohou p\u0159ekr\u00fdvat. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je p\u0159ekryv mezi sponzorem programu a sponzorem evaluace, nebo p\u0159ekryv mezi zadavatelem evaluace a inici\u00e1torem intervence. Nast\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 situace, kdy v r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9 organizace (snadno ztoto\u017eniteln\u00e9 se zainteresovanou stranou) existuj\u00ed subjekty s rozd\u00edln\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nutn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017eit \u00farove\u0148, na kter\u00e9 jsou jednotliv\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 strany identifikov\u00e1ny, nap\u0159\u00edklad na \u00farove\u0148 jednotliv\u00fdch odbor\u016f, odd\u011blen\u00ed \u010di dokonce jednotlivc\u016f, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy na evaluaci podchytit. Kennon, Howden a Hartley (2009) explicitn\u011b upozor\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee v takov\u00fdchto situac\u00edch je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159it se na jednotlivce a jejich role v r\u00e1mci organizac\u00ed, nebo\u0165 jsou to jednotlivci, kdo disponuj\u00ed mocensk\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji a kdo navazuj\u00ed vztahy s ostatn\u00edmi. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b dle autor\u016f jsou to jednotlivci, nikoli organizace, kdo utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, v&nbsp;nich\u017e se uplat\u0148uje vliv a moc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proces identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran tedy m\u016f\u017ee vy\u00fastit v rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd seznam potencion\u00e1ln\u00edch subjekt\u016f se skute\u010dn\u00fdm nebo domn\u011bl\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 evaluaci. Proto je t\u0159eba v dal\u0161\u00edm kroku rozli\u0161it zainteresovan\u00e9 strany podle jejich v\u00fdznamu. Fitzpatrick, Sanders a Worthen (2004) nab\u00edz\u00ed intuitivn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed identifikovan\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran podle \u00fa\u010delu, ke kter\u00e9mu za\u0159azen\u00ed t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f do evaluace slou\u017e\u00ed. Toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 gradienty z\u00e1jm\u016f od vyu\u017eit\u00ed evalua\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f pro&nbsp;tvorbu nov\u00fdch politik a\u017e po pouh\u00fd z\u00e1jem je uvedeno v Tabulce 1 spole\u010dn\u011b s v\u00fd\u010dtem obvykl\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-16.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-951\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-16.jpg 623w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-16-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-16-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-16-75x75.jpg 75w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-16-480x482.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 623px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u016fle\u017eitost zainteresovan\u00fdch stran lze ur\u010dit tak\u00e9 anal\u00fdzou jejich moci, legitimity a schopnosti z\u00edskat pozornost (Mitchell, Agle, a Wood, 1997, cit. v&nbsp;Bryson a kol. 2011). Zainteresovan\u00e9 strany je d\u00e1le mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u011blit podle jejich anga\u017eovanosti v programu (pota\u017emo v evaluaci), dle prost\u0159edk\u016f vlivu, kter\u00fdmi disponuj\u00ed a kter\u00e9 mohou m\u00edt jak pozitivn\u00ed (nap\u0159. prodlou\u017een\u00e9 financov\u00e1n\u00ed), tak tak\u00e9 negativn\u00ed (nap\u0159. ukon\u010den\u00ed intervence, postih administr\u00e1tor\u016f intervence) dopady na posuzovanou intervenci a zainteresovan\u00e9 strany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V z\u00e1vislosti na povaze intervence nebo jej\u00edm \u00fa\u010delu mohou nab\u00fdvat zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitosti tak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osobn\u00ed a osobnostn\u00ed charakteristiky zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (nap\u0159. pohlav\u00ed \u010di v\u011bk), jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159. vzd\u00e1lenost od&nbsp;epicentra probl\u00e9mu) a charakteristiky intervence samotn\u00e9 (nap\u0159. \u010dasov\u00fd r\u00e1mec \u010di region\u00e1ln\u00ed dostupnost). Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u00fd\u010det t\u011bchto charakteristik je uveden v Tabulce 2.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"552\" height=\"245\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-14.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-953\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-14.jpg 552w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-14-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-14-150x67.jpg 150w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-14-480x213.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 552px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Metody identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prvn\u00edm krokem identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je d\u016fkladn\u00e9 sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s hodnocenou intervenc\u00ed. V tomto ohledu je nutn\u00e9 prostudovat relevantn\u00ed programov\u00e9 dokumenty a ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 informace a uskute\u010dnit s\u00e9rii setk\u00e1n\u00ed s klientem evaluace, z\u00e1stupci organizace zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za implementaci a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdmi dal\u0161\u00edmi subjekty jako nap\u0159. se sponzory intervence, z\u00e1stupci regula\u010dn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f, se \u010dleny komunitn\u00edch organizac\u00ed \u010di se z\u00e1stupci c\u00edlov\u00fdch skupin. Tyto \u00favodn\u00ed kroky by m\u011bly v\u00e9st k porozum\u011bn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00edm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m klienta evaluace, ke zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho designu evaluace a zp\u016fsobu vyu\u017eit\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proces identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran nen\u00ed v\u017edy jednoduch\u00fd. Bamberger, Rugh a Mambry (2012) doporu\u010duj\u00ed identifikovat odd\u011blen\u011b&nbsp;<em>prim\u00e1rn\u00ed a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed&nbsp;<\/em>zainteresovan\u00e9 strany. Za prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany lze p\u0159itom pova\u017eovat jednotlivce a skupiny, se kter\u00fdmi je b\u011bhem hodnocen\u00ed dan\u00e9 intervence evalu\u00e1tor v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m kontaktu. Typicky jde o zadavatele, administr\u00e1tory posuzovan\u00e9 intervence \u010di o z\u00e1stupce c\u00edlov\u00fdch skupin. Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany tedy evalu\u00e1tor zn\u00e1, nebo\u0165 je s nimi v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m kontaktu, a tak je jejich identifikace pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00e1. To v\u0161ak nesni\u017euje v\u00fdznam tohoto kroku. Naopak, jde o nezbytnou \u010dinnost, na n\u00ed\u017e navazuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed etapy anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, jak\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159. v\u00fdzkum pot\u0159eb, ur\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1jm\u016f, posouzen\u00ed s\u00edly \u010di ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vztah\u016f s ostatn\u00edmi subjekty. Naproti tomu sekund\u00e1rn\u00edmi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami jsou subjekty, s nimi\u017e evalu\u00e1tor nen\u00ed v prvn\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed evaluace v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m kontaktu, dokonce mnohdy o jejich existenci ani nemus\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt. Jejich identifikace je proto podstatn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prim\u00e1rn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, p\u0159esto je v\u0161ak v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 identifikovat i tyto sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, proto\u017ee jejich vliv na posuzovanou intervenci m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Podobn\u011b DFID (2015) rozli\u0161uje zainteresovan\u00e9 strany zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 a&nbsp;<em>nezam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9<\/em>. Jako vod\u00edtko k identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran mohou poslou\u017eit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zky adaptovan\u00e9 z manu\u00e1lu N\u011bmeck\u00e9 rozvojov\u00e9 agentury (GTZ, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Koho byste oslovili, pokud byste o dan\u00e9 intervenci cht\u011bli z\u00edskat v\u00edce informac\u00ed?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kdo ur\u010duje pravidla v r\u00e1mci dan\u00e9 intervence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kdo m\u00e1 specifick\u00e9 znalosti o dan\u00e9 intervenci? Kdo disponuje zdroji nutn\u00fdmi pro realizaci dan\u00e9 intervence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kdo m\u00e1 vybudovan\u00e9 vztahy se zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi akt\u00e9ry zahrnut\u00fdmi v&nbsp;dan\u00e9 intervenci?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Za \u00fa\u010delem identifikace sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran Bamberger a&nbsp;kol. (2012) doporu\u010duj\u00ed zji\u0161\u0165ovat, kdo m\u00e1 z dan\u00e9 intervence prosp\u011bch a&nbsp;kdo z n\u00ed naopak \u017e\u00e1dnou v\u00fdhodu nem\u00e1. Preskill a Jones (2009) se shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i vlastn\u00ed identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran evalu\u00e1tor obvykle za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 se subjekty, ke kter\u00fdm m\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zadavatele evaluace p\u0159\u00edstup, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b kter\u00e9 osobn\u011b zn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee d\u016fkladn\u00e1 a ucelen\u00e1 identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran vy\u017eaduje systematick\u00fd a metodick\u00fd postup. D\u00e1le jsou proto uvedeny n\u011bkter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed metody, jejich\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kombinace t\u011bchto metod, evalu\u00e1to\u0159i mohou zajistit, \u017ee v\u0161echny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 skupiny zainteresovan\u00fdch stran budou identifikov\u00e1ny (\u00faplnost), a \u017ee tento proces bude kontrolovateln\u00fd a p\u0159ezkoumateln\u00fd (v\u011brohodnost).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1 Nesystematick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metody uveden\u00e9 v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti sk\u00fdtaj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou v\u00fdhodu v relativn\u00ed nen\u00e1ro\u010dnosti jejich prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o metody, kter\u00e9 jsou \u201epo ruce\u201c a nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou p\u0159\u00edpravu a obvykle jsou \u010dasov\u011b nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. Jejich vyu\u017eit\u00edm lze dos\u00e1hnout v\u00fdznamn\u011b lep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, ne\u017e pouh\u00fdm spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00edm na vlastn\u00ed intuici, nicm\u00e9n\u011b i tak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00fdsledkem dokonal\u00fd a vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ehled v\u0161ech zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee&nbsp;tyto p\u0159\u00edstupy jsou vhodn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na pro nalezen\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch, aktivn\u00edch a&nbsp;vlivn\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran; naopak marginalizovan\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 strany \u010di subjekty, jejich\u017e z\u00e1jmy na posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci jsou neuv\u011bdomovan\u00e9, mohou p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto metod z\u016fstat v latenci a nemusej\u00ed b\u00fdt identifikov\u00e1ny jako zainteresovan\u00e9 strany. S c\u00edlem z\u00edskat objektivn\u00ed a ucelen\u00e9 panorama zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je proto vhodn\u00e9 tyto metody kombinovat mezi sebou a doplnit je n\u011bkter\u00fdm ze systematick\u00fdch postup\u016f, je\u017e&nbsp;jsou uvedeny d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1.1 Brainstorming<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brainstorming je metodou, na jej\u00edm\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tku evalu\u00e1tor nebo \u00fazk\u00e1 skupina jedinc\u016f bl\u00edzk\u00fdch hodnocen\u00e9 intervenci sestavuj\u00ed seznam subjekt\u016f,<br>kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed z\u00e1jem na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 evaluace, nebo kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v\u00fdsledky evaluace jak\u00fdmkoliv zp\u016fsobem dot\u010deny. Bryson a kol. (2011) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee se typicky jedn\u00e1 o metodu prov\u00e1d\u011bnou \u201ev zadn\u00ed m\u00edstnosti\u201c (backroom method), kdy se neprov\u00e1d\u00ed ani ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, ani konzultace s dal\u0161\u00edmi akt\u00e9ry mimo evalua\u010dn\u00ed t\u00fdm, pop\u0159. pracovn\u00ed skupinu. Z toho d\u016fvodu ji lze pova\u017eovat za incep\u010dn\u00ed metodu, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eaduje dopln\u011bn\u00ed o dal\u0161\u00ed metody, kter\u00e9 by mohly p\u0159in\u00e9st pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace a data. Brainstorming tak velmi \u010dasto p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159edstupe\u0148 k n\u011bkter\u00e9 z&nbsp;obvykl\u00fdch metod sb\u011bru dat pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ve spole\u010denskov\u011bdn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu (tj. hloubkov\u00fdm rozhovor\u016fm, focus groups, re\u0161er\u0161i dokument\u016f \u010di rozhovor\u016fm s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi informanty).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1.2 Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00ed informanti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160et\u0159en\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch informant\u016f (<em>key informants<\/em>) p\u0159edstavuje jeden z nejv\u00edce dostupn\u00fdch a flexibiln\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak z\u00edskat informace pro identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00ed informanti jsou osoby, jejich\u017e osobn\u00ed \u010di&nbsp;profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed pozice je stav\u00ed do role znalc\u016f povahy a rozsahu posuzovan\u00e9 intervence nebo spole\u010densk\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu (Rossi a kol., 2004). Pro&nbsp;evaluaci mohou p\u0159edstavovat zdroj u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch informac\u00ed o charakteristik\u00e1ch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran i o posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci jako takov\u00e9. N\u00e1vody a manu\u00e1ly pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed rozhovor\u016f s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi informanty (nap\u0159. Kumar, 1989; Carol, Perez a Toy, 2004) nab\u00edzej\u00ed obs\u00e1hl\u00fd v\u00fd\u010det situac\u00ed, v nich\u017e je vhodn\u00e9 tyto subjekty vyu\u017e\u00edt jako prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroj informac\u00ed. Mezi nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>snaha z\u00edskat informace o nal\u00e9hav\u00e9m probl\u00e9mu od omezen\u00e9ho po\u010dtu dob\u0159e informovan\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>snaha pochopit motivaci, postoje a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00e9 panuj\u00ed mezi dot\u010den\u00fdmi obyvateli;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pot\u0159eba z\u00edskat informace od lid\u00ed s&nbsp;r\u016fzn\u00fdmi n\u00e1zory a formulovat hloubkov\u00e9 a explorativn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky (sondovat dan\u00fd probl\u00e9m a jeho povahu);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pot\u0159eba diskutovat citliv\u00e1 t\u00e9mata a z\u00edskat up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi respondent\u016f nebo podrobn\u011b popsan\u00fd pohled na dan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>snaha poskytnout n\u00e1vrhy a doporu\u010dit dal\u0161\u00ed postup;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pot\u0159eba prov\u00e9st p\u0159edb\u011b\u017enou studii \u010di navrhnout komplexn\u00ed kvantitativn\u00ed studii.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Informace od t\u011bchto akt\u00e9r\u016f je nutn\u00e9 pova\u017eovat za subjektivn\u00ed pohled, kter\u00fd reprezentuje ur\u010ditou konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed perspektivu. Jak uzav\u00edr\u00e1 Rossi a kol. (2004), informace od kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch informant\u016f jsou lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 informace. Evalu\u00e1to\u0159i se tak mohou uch\u00fdlit k t\u00e9to metod\u011b, kdy\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd zp\u016fsob z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed nen\u00ed dostupn\u00fd, nebo pokud jde o dopl\u0148kovou metodu. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00ed informanti mohou z\u00e1rove\u0148 b\u00fdt zdrojem kontakt\u016f, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt nap\u0159. v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci snowballu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1.3 Snowball<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Snowball identifikuje potencion\u00e1ln\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany v n\u011bkolika vln\u00e1ch. Evalu\u00e1tor nejprve oslov\u00ed n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch osob, o nich\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jsou zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami, disponuj\u00ed znalostmi a\/nebo zku\u0161enostmi s&nbsp;danou intervenc\u00ed, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 maj\u00ed kontakty na dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00e9 akt\u00e9ry (resp. subjekty, kter\u00e9 by mohly b\u00fdt posuzovanou intervenc\u00ed \u010di prov\u00e1d\u011bnou evaluac\u00ed jakkoliv dot\u010deny). Evalu\u00e1tor postupn\u011b kontaktuje dal\u0161\u00ed osoby, na n\u011b\u017e ho p\u016fvodn\u00ed informanti odk\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, a t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem roz\u0161i\u0159uje vzorek subjekt\u016f (\u201enabaluje a zv\u011bt\u0161uje sn\u011bhovou kouli\u201c), je\u017e pozd\u011bji m\u016f\u017ee ozna\u010dit za zainteresovan\u00e9 strany. Standardn\u00edmi ot\u00e1zkami, kter\u00e9 si kladou evalu\u00e1to\u0159i p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to techniky je: \u201eKdo dal\u0161\u00ed je intervenc\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn? Na koho dal\u0161\u00edho m\u00e1 tato intervence n\u011bjak\u00fd dopad?\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Snowball m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it po\u010det zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, resp. jejich z\u00e1stupc\u016f, daleko nad r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd by byl evalu\u00e1tor s\u00e1m schopen intuitivn\u011b vymezit. Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, kritick\u00fdm prvkem t\u00e9to metody je v\u00fdb\u011br prvn\u00ed vlny kontakt\u016f; pokud by se evalu\u00e1tor spolehl pouze na kontakty poskytnut\u00e9 zadavatelem evaluace, mohla by identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran skon\u010dit s v\u00fd\u010dtem subjekt\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b zaujat\u00fdch ve prosp\u011bch (nebo neprosp\u011bch) evaluovan\u00e9 intervence. \u0158et\u011bzec kontakt\u016f se zpo\u010d\u00e1tku roz\u0161i\u0159uje, nicm\u00e9n\u011b s p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00edm kontakt\u016f roste pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed subjekty budou zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny opakovan\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bm by evalu\u00e1to\u0159i m\u011bli v\u011bnovat zv\u00fd\u0161enou pozornost (Patton, 1990).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1.4 Sebe-ur\u010den\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran provedena pomoc\u00ed metody sebe-ur\u010den\u00ed (self-identification), kdy se lid\u00e9 \u010di skupiny sami p\u0159ihl\u00e1s\u00ed evalu\u00e1torovi s proklamovan\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem na dan\u00e9 intervenci \u010di na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch jej\u00ed evaluace. V takov\u00e9 situaci je \u00fakolem evalu\u00e1tora zkoumat motivaci t\u011bchto akt\u00e9r\u016f k jejich kroku a vyhodnotit opr\u00e1vn\u011bnost zahrnut\u00ed t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f mezi zainteresovan\u00e9 strany. Motivace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran k&nbsp;sebe-ur\u010den\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee ovliv\u0148ovat i jejich anga\u017eovanost a stupe\u0148 participace na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 evaluaci, proto by evalu\u00e1tor m\u011bl vyhodnotit a&nbsp;pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem korigovat v\u00e1hu, kterou takov\u00fdmto zainteresovan\u00fdch stran\u00e1m p\u0159isoud\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.2 Systematick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Systematick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy jsou zalo\u017eeny na holistick\u00e9m pojet\u00ed kontextu hodnocen\u00e9ho programu. Evalu\u00e1tor se zam\u011b\u0159uje na cel\u00e9 panorama aktivit a&nbsp;akt\u00e9r\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou do posuzovan\u00e9 intervence zahrnuti a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed ho<br>nebo jsou ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1ny jeho existenc\u00ed \u010di jeho konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi aktivitami. Systematicky zalo\u017een\u00e1 identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran neza\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 oproti postup\u016fm popsan\u00fdm v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti od konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch akt\u00e9r\u016f, ale postupuje dle jednotliv\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch (tematick\u00fdch) okruh\u016f \u010di aktivit. Evalu\u00e1tor tak za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 plo\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem, kdy do \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed zahrne celou populaci potencion\u00e1ln\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran a postupn\u00fdm prohlubov\u00e1n\u00edm znalost\u00ed o jejich z\u00e1jmech, pozic\u00edch a rol\u00edch v\u016f\u010di posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci i&nbsp;evaluaci samotn\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee sestavovat seznam jednotliv\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Jednotliv\u00e9 subjekty mohou b\u00fdt identifikov\u00e1ny v z\u00e1sad\u011b troj\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, a to na z\u00e1klad\u011b kontextu intervence, s vyu\u017eit\u00edm anal\u00fdzy proces\u016f interven\u010dn\u00edho programu a pomoc\u00ed mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.2.1 Kontextov\u011b odvozen\u00e1 identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vych\u00e1z\u00ed z popisu kontextu dan\u00e9 intervence. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed subjekty jsou rekrutov\u00e1ny ze skupin, je\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed fyzick\u00e9 \u010di soci\u00e1ln\u00ed okol\u00ed dan\u00e9 intervence. P\u0159\u00edkladem je evaluace projektu na podporu ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed oblasti, kdy evalu\u00e1tor krom\u011b tradi\u010dn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran spjat\u00fdch s&nbsp;dan\u00fdm projektem (\u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci, sponzo\u0159i a administr\u00e1to\u0159i) zahrnul<br>mezi zainteresovan\u00e9 strany tak\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatele, sousedn\u00ed vesnice, z\u00e1stupce ochr\u00e1nc\u016f t\u00e9to oblasti i z\u00e1stupc\u016f m\u00edstn\u00edch samospr\u00e1v. V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech lze pro identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran pou\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9 techniku PESTEL definuj\u00edc\u00ed politick\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, technologick\u00e9, environment\u00e1ln\u00ed a legislativn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed dan\u00e9 intervence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.2.2 Procesn\u011b definovan\u00e1 identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jsou jednotliv\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 strany identifikov\u00e1ny na&nbsp;z\u00e1klad\u011b jednotliv\u00fdch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v r\u00e1mci realizace posuzovan\u00e9 intervence prov\u00e1d\u011bny. Z korektn\u011b popsan\u00fdch proces\u016f lze toti\u017e krom\u011b vstup\u016f, v\u00fdstup\u016f a jednotliv\u00fdch krok\u016f odvodit tak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed subjekty, je\u017e&nbsp;jsou v jednotliv\u00fdch procesech zaanga\u017eov\u00e1ny. Identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b evaluace interven\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f tak m\u016f\u017ee usnadnit nejen d\u016fkladn\u00e1 procesn\u00ed anal\u00fdza a komplexn\u00ed mapa proces\u016f, ale&nbsp;tak\u00e9 pe\u010dliv\u011b zpracovan\u00fd logick\u00fd model, pop\u0159. model zm\u011bny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.2.3 Mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (<em>stakeholder mapping<\/em>) je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na&nbsp;identifikaci velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed subjekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojeni r\u016fzn\u00fdmi formami vztah\u016f (Rezazade Mehrizi, Ghasemzadeh a Molas-Gallart, 2009). Tyto vztahy se odv\u00edjej\u00ed od vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 prov\u00e1zanosti, v n\u00ed\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 ze zainteresovan\u00fdch stran pln\u00ed sv\u016fj d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u00fakol s c\u00edlem spole\u010dn\u011b dos\u00e1hnout hlavn\u00edho c\u00edle, kter\u00fd je z\u00e1rove\u0148 c\u00edlem hodnocen\u00e9 intervence. Silnou str\u00e1nkou tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je, \u017ee propojov\u00e1n\u00edm c\u00edl\u016f intervence s akt\u00e9ry a&nbsp;aktivitami, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k verifikaci vnit\u0159n\u00ed konzistence posuzovan\u00e9 intervence. Pr\u00e1v\u011b kv\u016fli systematick\u00e9mu spojov\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prvk\u016f intervence a hodnocen\u00ed jej\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed logiky je toto pojet\u00ed mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran vhodnou technikou pro ex-post i ex-ante evaluace. Techniku lze aplikovat na r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy intervenc\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch politik na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, region\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo organiza\u010dn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Postup mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran navr\u017een\u00fd Rezazade Mehrizim a&nbsp;kol. (2009) se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z \u0161esti krok\u016f a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako analytick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj matici (Tabulka 3) spojuj\u00edc\u00ed c\u00edle intervence (sloupce) s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami (\u0159\u00e1dky). V samotn\u00e9 matici jsou zainteresovan\u00e9 strany propojeny s dan\u00fdmi c\u00edli pomoc\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f. Matice pak slou\u017e\u00ed<br>jako vod\u00edtko pro proveden\u00ed anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"565\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-955\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-12.jpg 565w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-12-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-12-150x56.jpg 150w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-12-480x179.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 565px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P<u>rvn\u00ed krok<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;sest\u00e1v\u00e1 z identifikace c\u00edl\u016f intervence. Auto\u0159i v citovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu provedli anal\u00fdzu ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy vydan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm Ministerstvem coby za\u0161ti\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm org\u00e1nem, kter\u00e1 shrnovala relevantn\u00ed politiky v&nbsp;hodnocen\u00e9 oblasti. Auto\u0159i n\u00e1sledn\u011b identifikovan\u00e9 c\u00edle zapsali do prvn\u00edho sloupce tabulky a identifikovali redundantn\u00ed a protich\u016fdn\u00e9 c\u00edle. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159ekryvy \u010di kontradikce c\u00edl\u016f by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v tomto kroku eliminov\u00e1ny. Nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017ee nastat situace, kdy dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f A a B nezbytn\u011b povede k dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edle C. Evalu\u00e1tor by v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u011bl p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00fd c\u00edl eliminovat. O tom, zda je vhodn\u00e9 eliminovat A a B a ponechat C<br>nebo naopak, rozhoduje m\u00edra specifi\u010dnosti nutn\u00e1 k ur\u010den\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e1 je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za napln\u011bn\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle (viz d\u00e1le). Auto\u0159i nicm\u00e9n\u011b upozor\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee v komplexn\u00edm a heterogenn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee evalu\u00e1tor objevit inkonzistenci (\u010di dokonce protich\u016fdnost) c\u00edl\u016f danou rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy r\u016fzn\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 redundantn\u00ed \u010di protich\u016fdn\u00e9 c\u00edle eliminovat a p\u0159i evaluaci je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost koresponduj\u00edc\u00edm dynamik\u00e1m mezi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>Ve druh\u00e9m kroku<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;doch\u00e1z\u00ed k identifikaci kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Tento krok lze prov\u00e9st nap\u0159. na z\u00e1klad\u011b obsahov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy dokument\u016f, nicm\u00e9n\u011b jak sami auto\u0159i p\u0159izn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech mohou b\u00fdt c\u00edle intervence a n\u00e1stroje k jejich dosa\u017een\u00ed nejasn\u00e9 a vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 pouze v&nbsp;implicitn\u00edch p\u0159edpokladech. Evalu\u00e1tor pak mus\u00ed zjistit dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace pomoc\u00ed rozhovor\u016f s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky nebo s&nbsp;experty dan\u00e9 problematiky. Na chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 nebyly v tomto kroku identifikov\u00e1ny, upozorn\u00ed anal\u00fdza proveden\u00e1 ve t\u0159et\u00edm kroku. Tento krok zahrnuje vedle jejich vyjmenov\u00e1n\u00ed tak\u00e9 detailn\u00ed popis rol\u00ed (nap\u0159. tv\u016frci politik, implement\u00e1to\u0159i, p\u0159\u00edjemci, evalu\u00e1to\u0159i), vlivu na kone\u010dnou podobu intervence (p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd, nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd) a stupe\u0148 podpory intervence (propag\u00e1to\u0159i, naru\u0161itel\u00e9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Popis by m\u011bl d\u00e1le reflektovat&nbsp;<em>misi zainteresovan\u00fdch stran<\/em>&nbsp;a jej\u00ed soulad s mis\u00ed hodnocen\u00e9 intervence,&nbsp;<em>schopnosti zainteresovan\u00fdch stran&nbsp;<\/em>a jejich dostate\u010dnost z&nbsp;hlediska pln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f intervence a&nbsp;<em>z\u00e1jmy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran&nbsp;<\/em>ve vztahu k&nbsp;posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci. Evalu\u00e1tor by se m\u011bl v tomto kroku ujistit, \u017ee se takto identifikovan\u00e9 skupiny zainteresovan\u00fdch stran nep\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed. Jejich v\u00fdb\u011br by m\u011bl b\u00fdt z\u00e1rove\u0148 inkluzivn\u00ed (tj. m\u011bl by zahrnovat v\u0161echny podstatn\u00e9 akt\u00e9ry) a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd (tj. m\u011bl by zahrnovat jen d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 strany).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>Ve t\u0159et\u00edm kroku<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;evalu\u00e1tor identifikuje ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny, resp. z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 postupy \u010di promy\u0161len\u00e9 aktivity, jejich\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zainteresovan\u00e9 strany mohou dos\u00e1hnout vyty\u010den\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ex-post evaluace evalu\u00e1tor provede rekonstrukci ak\u010dn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f, kter\u00e9 dle interven\u010dn\u00ed logiky m\u011bly v\u00e9st k zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdm c\u00edl\u016fm. M\u016f\u017ee nastat situace, kdy \u00fakoly (ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny) p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9mu subjektu a ur\u010dit\u00e9mu c\u00edli souvis\u00ed s dal\u0161\u00edmi c\u00edli a jin\u00fdmi akt\u00e9ry. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee evalu\u00e1tor rozd\u011blit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed c\u00edle na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f tak, aby byly p\u0159id\u011bliteln\u00e9 v\u017edy jen jedn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 stran\u011b. Alternativn\u011b se lze vr\u00e1tit k prvn\u00edmu a druh\u00e9mu kroku a slou\u010dit jednotliv\u00e9 c\u00edle do obecn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kategori\u00ed tak, aby odpov\u00eddaly identifikovan\u00fdm ak\u010dn\u00edm pl\u00e1n\u016fm. Rovn\u011b\u017e m\u016f\u017ee nastat situace, kdy n\u011bkter\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny nemohou b\u00fdt p\u0159i\u0159azeny k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu c\u00edli; to je obvykle zn\u00e1mkou toho, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 c\u00edle byly opomenuty a nebyly identifikov\u00e1ny. V&nbsp;neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee nastat situace, kdy n\u011bkter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny nelze p\u0159i\u0159adit \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 stran\u011b. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nutn\u00e9 vr\u00e1tit se k druh\u00e9mu kroku a dodate\u010dn\u011b identifikovat chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 strany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vypln\u011bn\u00e1 matice se d\u00e1le analyzuje ve t\u0159ech kroc\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><u>Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdza<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;umo\u017e\u0148uje ov\u011b\u0159it, zda ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1n uveden\u00fd u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho c\u00edle m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l dan\u00e9ho c\u00edle skute\u010dn\u011b dos\u00e1hnout, resp. zdali jsou pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 aktivity dostate\u010dn\u00e9 k napln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f. D\u00e1le identifikuje potenci\u00e1ln\u011b chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u010di p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny a zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed se na posouzen\u00ed, zdali n\u011bkter\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny nejsou bari\u00e9rou dosa\u017een\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><u>Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdza<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;m\u00e1 za c\u00edl vyhodnotit m\u00edru, ve kter\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed misi jednotliv\u00fdch akt\u00e9r\u016f, zda nejsou nad r\u00e1mcem jejich schopnost\u00ed (zp\u016fsobilosti) a zda dan\u00e9 instituce pova\u017euj\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny za koherentn\u00ed s&nbsp;jejich aktivitami a z\u00e1jmy. Dle Rezazade Mehriziho a kol. (2009) se nelze v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech vyhnout nevhodn\u00e9mu spojen\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f a instituc\u00ed,<br>nebo\u0165 v dan\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nap\u0159. neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e1 by mohla k pln\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00e9ho c\u00edle p\u0159isp\u011bt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1&nbsp;<em><u>celostn\u00ed anal\u00fdza<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dvou a ur\u010duje, kter\u00e9 nov\u00e9 zainteresovan\u00e9 strany je t\u0159eba identifikovat a doplnit a naopak,<br>kter\u00e9 z&nbsp;p\u016fvodn\u011b zahrnut\u00fdch subjekt\u016f by m\u011bly b\u00fdt vynech\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezazade Mehrizi a kol. (2009) uplatnili v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fd proces mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed implementace politiky v oblasti elektronick\u00e9ho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed (<em>e-commerce<\/em>) v \u00cdr\u00e1nu. Za hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos techniky mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran lze pova\u017eovat skute\u010dnost, \u017ee se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdmi vazbami mezi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami a kombinuje jak&nbsp;struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy (akt\u00e9\u0159i a jejich vztahy), tak tak\u00e9 behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy reflektovan\u00e9 v c\u00edlech intervenc\u00ed\/politik. Zna\u010dnou v\u00fdhodou tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je tak\u00e9 jeho roz\u0161i\u0159itelnost, nebo\u0165 matici je mo\u017en\u00e9 snadno roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it o&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00ed c\u00edle, zainteresovan\u00e9 strany i ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady anal\u00fdzy zainteresovan\u00fdch stran v evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chareonwong a Cameron (n.d.) pou\u017eili v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 evaluace ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 politiky ochrany du\u0161evn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed v Thajsku podrobnou anal\u00fdzu zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Jejich p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek sice nespecifikuje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed metodu identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, popisuje v\u0161ak zp\u016fsob zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed charakteristik zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Auto\u0159i studie provedli hloubkov\u00e9 rozhovory se z\u00e1stupci expert\u016f z \u0159ad tv\u016frc\u016f politik, v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f, prodejc\u016f softwaru a u\u017eivatel\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jako vod\u00edtko pro rozhovory pou\u017eili dotazn\u00edk, kter\u00fd sest\u00e1val ze samostatn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v\u011bnovan\u00e9 vlastnostem zainteresovan\u00fdch stran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Studie Rishi a kol. (2008) se zam\u011b\u0159ila na anal\u00fdzu pot\u0159eb rur\u00e1ln\u00edch obyvatel ve vesnic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v t\u011bsn\u00e9m sousedstv\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f v&nbsp;Indii. C\u00edlem evaluace bylo poznat a pochopit pot\u0159eby t\u011bchto zainteresovan\u00fdch stran a vytvo\u0159it p\u0159ijateln\u00fd a efektivn\u00ed pl\u00e1n ekologick\u00e9ho rozvoje chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Studie potvrdila, \u017ee napln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pot\u0159eb vesni\u010dan\u016f bylo obecn\u011b na velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farovni, co\u017e spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00edzkou informovanost\u00ed m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek velmi slabou motivaci m\u00edstn\u00edch obyvatel zapojit se do ochrany vyty\u010den\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evalua\u010dn\u00ed t\u00fdm RAND pov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd evaluac\u00ed NIHR Leadership programu ve&nbsp;Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii (Marjanovic, Cochrane, Manville, Harte, Chataway a&nbsp;Jones, 2015) zvolil p\u0159\u00edstup zalo\u017een\u00fd na teorii zm\u011bny a realistick\u00e9 evaluaci. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se zam\u011b\u0159il na intenzivn\u00ed zapojen\u00ed zainteresovan\u00fdch stran do&nbsp;evalua\u010dn\u00edho procesu. Z toho d\u016fvodu byla na po\u010d\u00e1tku evaluace v\u011bnov\u00e1na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 pozornost identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran a alokaci zdroj\u016f, co\u017e se odrazilo v pou\u017eit\u00ed n\u011bkolikastup\u0148ov\u00e9ho procesu tvorby logick\u00e9ho modelu. V prvn\u00edm kole evalu\u00e1to\u0159i uspo\u0159\u00e1dali workshop se t\u0159emi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi z\u00e1stupci implement\u00e1tora programu. Po n\u011bm n\u00e1sledovaly dodate\u010dn\u00e9 konzultace s dal\u0161\u00edmi z\u00e1stupci implementuj\u00edc\u00ed organizace, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli na starosti jednotliv\u00e9 programov\u00e9 c\u00edle. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem do\u0161lo k tvorb\u011b, verifikaci a dolad\u011bn\u00ed logick\u00e9ho modelu, kter\u00fd n\u00e1sledn\u011b slou\u017eil jako z\u00e1klad pro workshopy se z\u00e1stupci t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran \u2013 l\u00eddr\u016f, \u0161kolitel\u016f (kou\u010d\u016f), \u0159editel\u016f a mana\u017eer\u016f R&amp;D.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011bry<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u016fkladn\u00e9 anal\u00fdze zainteresovan\u00fdch stran je v evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi st\u00e1le v\u011bnov\u00e1na pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 pozornost. Tato sta\u0165 pouk\u00e1zala na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed a relativn\u011b nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 metody a p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i anal\u00fdze zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i jejich identifikaci. Nesystematick\u00e9 metody, jak\u00fdmi jsou brainstorming, rozhovory s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi informanty a snowball, se vyskytuj\u00ed v evaluac\u00edch \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e systematick\u00e9 a&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee mohou b\u00fdt sn\u00e1ze provediteln\u00e9. Proto mohou tyto metody slou\u017eit jako prvotn\u00ed krok p\u0159i robustn\u011bji pojat\u00e9 anal\u00fdze zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, jej\u00edm\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm evalu\u00e1tor z\u00edsk\u00e1 vhled do prost\u0159ed\u00ed posuzovan\u00e9 intervence, nebo p\u0159i identifikaci prim\u00e1rn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran (Bamberger a kol. 2012). Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u0161ak maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l subjektivity a ne\u00faplnosti p\u0159i identifikaci zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Pokud identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran bude zalo\u017eena pouze na t\u011bchto metod\u00e1ch, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt vlivem&nbsp;<em>selection bias<\/em>&nbsp;ke zkreslen\u00ed informac\u00ed o posuzovan\u00e9 intervenci. Je proto vhodn\u00e9 zvolenou nesystematickou metodu kombinovat s n\u011bkter\u00fdm ze systematick\u00fdch postup\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bez ohledu na tyto postupy je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee spektrum zainteresovan\u00fdch stran nen\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b stabiln\u00ed a naopak se neust\u00e1le prom\u011b\u0148uje v z\u00e1vislosti na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch z\u00e1jm\u016f, extern\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a&nbsp;f\u00e1z\u00edch evalua\u010dn\u00edho procesu (GTZ, 2007). Proto je v z\u00e1vislosti na dob\u011b trv\u00e1n\u00ed intervence mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee bude nutn\u00e9 mapu zainteresovan\u00fdch stran b\u011bhem evaluace (i n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t) aktualizovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00edlem t\u00e9to stati rovn\u011b\u017e bylo pouk\u00e1zat d\u016fle\u017eitost systematick\u00e9ho a neintuitivn\u00edho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran, kter\u00e1 by umo\u017e\u0148ovala jejich n\u00e1slednou anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza jejich z\u00e1jm\u016f je nezbytn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem k tomu, aby evaluace mohly zahrnovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 perspektivy hodnocen\u00ed a vstupy od v\u0161ech relevantn\u00edch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran. Ucelen\u00e1 identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran napom\u00e1h\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 k&nbsp;tomu, aby kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 poznatky a z\u00e1v\u011bry evaluac\u00ed nebyly zkresleny r\u016fznou intenzitou prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jm\u016f jednotliv\u00fdmi zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami. Korektn\u011b proveden\u00e1 identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran m\u016f\u017ee v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b pomoci zam\u011b\u0159it postup evalua\u010dn\u00edch prac\u00ed tak, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo ke zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm konzultac\u00edm a pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi je \u010dasto pot\u0159eba nejprve sjednotit pou\u017e\u00edvanou terminologii a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy tak, aby v\u0161ichni z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00ed pracovali se shodn\u00fdmi term\u00edny a aby pro ka\u017edou zainteresovanou stranu m\u011bly identick\u00e9 pojmy stejn\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Aplikace n\u011bkter\u00e9 z technik identifikace zainteresovan\u00fdch stran tak m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit tak\u00e9 jako proces, v n\u011bm\u017e k tomuto sjednocov\u00e1n\u00ed pojm\u016f a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho jazyka doch\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seznam pou\u017eit\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BAMBERGER, RUGH a MARBY. (2012).&nbsp;<em>Real World Evaluation: Working Under Budget, Time, Data, and Political Constraints (2nd ed.).<\/em>&nbsp;Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 666 pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BROUWER, H., A., GROOT KORMELINCK and S. van VUGT. (2012).&nbsp;<em>Tools for analysing power in multi-stakeholder processes \u2013 a menu.&nbsp;<\/em>Toolbox developed for the Thematic Learning Programme \u2018Strategically dealing with&nbsp;power dynamics in multi-stakeholder processes\u2019. Wageningen UR\/Centre for Development Innovation. Dostupn\u00e9 z: http:\/\/www.<br>mspguide.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/menu_of_tools_for_tlp_power_in_msps_v3.pdf&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BRYSON, J. M., PATTON, M. Q. a BOWMAN, R. A. (2011). Working with&nbsp;evaluation stakeholders: A rationale, step-wise approach and&nbsp;toolkit.&nbsp;<em>Evaluation and Program Planning 34<\/em>, 1\u201312. doi:10.1016\/j.evalprogplan<br>.2010.07.001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CANADIAN EVALUATION SOCIETY. (2014).&nbsp;<em>Program Evaluation Standards.&nbsp;<\/em>Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaluationcanada.ca\/program-evaluation-standards\">https:\/\/www.evaluationcanada.ca\/program-evaluation-standards<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CAROLL, A. M., PEREZ, M. a TOY, P. (2004).&nbsp;<em>Performing a Community Assessment Curriculum.&nbsp;<\/em>UCLA Health Policy Research. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/healthpolicy.ucla.edu\/programs\/health-data\/trainings\/documents\/tw_cba23.pdf\">http:\/\/healthpolicy.ucla.edu\/programs\/health-data\/trainings\/documents<br>\/tw_cba23.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CHAREONWONG, U. a CAMERON, H. (n.d.).&nbsp;<em>Policy Evaluation Using Stakeholder Analysis and Multi-Attribute Utility Technology Methods : A&nbsp;Case Study of Intellectual Property Protection Policy in Thailand.<\/em>&nbsp;IC2 Institute, University of Texas. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ic2.utexas.edu\/ictpi\/mirror\/curitiba2000\/papers\/S23P05.PDF\">http:\/\/www.ic2.utexas.edu\/ictpi<br>\/mirror\/curitiba2000\/papers\/S23P05.PDF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u010cESK\u00c1 EVALUA\u010cN\u00cd SPOLE\u010cNOST (\u010cES). (2013).&nbsp;<em>Form\u00e1ln\u00ed standardy prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed evaluac\u00ed<\/em>. Fin\u00e1ln\u00ed verze schv\u00e1len\u00e1 Kongresem \u010cesk\u00e9 evalua\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.czecheval.cz\/standardy_kodex\/ces_formalni_standardy_evaluaci_short_5__.pdf\">http:\/\/www.czecheval.cz\/standardy_kodex\/<br>ces_formalni_standardy_evaluaci_short_5__.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DFID. (2015).&nbsp;<em>Beneficiary Feedback in Evaluation<\/em>. Prepared by Leslie Grooves for DFID. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/r4d.dfid.gov.uk\/pdf\/outputs\/Evaluation\/Beneficiary_Feedback_in_Evaluation.pdf\">http:\/\/r4d.dfid.gov.uk\/pdf\/outputs\/<br>Evaluation\/Beneficiary_Feedback_in_Evaluation.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EVROPSK\u00c1 KOMISE. (2014).<em>&nbsp;Guidance Document on Monitoring and&nbsp;Evaluation. European Regional Development Fund and Cohesion Fund. Concepts and Recommendations<\/em>. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/regional_policy\/sources\/docoffic\/2014\/working\/wd_2014_en.pdf\">http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/regional_<br>policy\/sources\/docoffic\/2014\/working\/wd_2014_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[10]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; FITZPATRICK, J. L., SANDERS, J. R. a WORTHEN, B. R. (2004). Setting boundaries and Analyzing the Evaluation Context. In&nbsp;<em>Program Evaluation. Alternative approaches and Practical Guidelines<\/em>&nbsp;(pp. 199-231). 3rd Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[11]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GROOVES, L. a GUIJT, I. (2015, June).&nbsp;<em>Participation not for you? Four reflections that might just change your mind.<\/em>&nbsp;Better Evaluation series on&nbsp;participation in evaluation. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/betterevaluation.org\/blog\/four_reflections_on_participation_in_evaluation\">http:\/\/betterevaluation.org\/<br>blog\/four_reflections_on_participation_in_evaluation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[12]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GTZ. (2007).&nbsp;<em>Multi-stakeholder management: Tools for Stakeholder Analysis: 10 building blocks for designing participatory systems of cooperation<\/em>. From&nbsp;the series: Promoting participatory development in German development cooperation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GUBA, E. G. a LINCOLN, Y. S. (1981).&nbsp;<em>Effective Evaluation<\/em>. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GUBA E. G., LINCOLN Y. S. (1989).&nbsp;<em>Fourth Generation Evaluation<\/em>. London: SAGE Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KENNON, N., HOWDEN. P. a HARTLEY, M. (2009). Who really matters? A stakeholder analysis tool.&nbsp;<em>Extension Farming Systems Journal 5<\/em>(2) \u2013 Research Forum. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.csu.edu.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0018\/109602\/EFS_Journal_vol_5_no_2_02_Kennon_et_al.pdf\">https:\/\/www.csu.edu.au\/__data\/assets<br>\/pdf_file\/0018\/109602\/EFS_Journal_vol_5_no_2_02_Kennon_et_al.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[16]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KUMAR, K. (1989).&nbsp;<em>Conducting Key Informant Interviews in Developing Countries.<\/em>&nbsp;A.I.D. Program Design and Evaluation Methodology Report No. 13. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books\/about\/Conducting_Key_Informant_Interviews_in_D.html?id=_PeHGQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\">https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books\/about\/Conducting_<br>Key_Informant_Interviews_in_D.html?id=_PeHGQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; MARJANOVIC, S., COCHRANE, G., MANVILLE, C., HARTE, E., CHATAWAY, J., a JONES, M. M. (2015).&nbsp;<em>Leadership as a health research policy intervention. An evaluation of the NIHR Leadership programme (Phase 2)<\/em>. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; MARKIEWICZ, A. (2005). A balancing act: Resolving multiple stakeholder interests in program evaluation.&nbsp;<em>Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 4<\/em>(new series, 1&amp;2), 13-21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[19]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; MAYERS, J. 2005.&nbsp;<em>Stakeholder power analysis.<\/em>&nbsp;Power tools series. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[20]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OECD. (2010).&nbsp;<em>Quality Standards for Development Evaluation<\/em>. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Dostupn\u00e9 z&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/evaluation\/qualitystandards.pdf\">http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/<br>evaluation\/qualitystandards.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[21]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OLANDER, S. &amp; LANDIN, A. (2005). Evaluation of stakeholder influence in the implementation of construction projects.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Project Management 23<\/em>, 321-328.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[22]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PATTON, M. Q. (1990).&nbsp;<em>Qualitative evaluation and research methods<\/em>. (2.&nbsp;vyd\u00e1n\u00ed). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[23]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PRESKILL, H. &amp; JONES, N. (2009<em>). A Practical Guide for Engaging Stakeholders in Developing Evaluation Questions.<\/em>&nbsp;Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Evaluation Series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[24]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; REMR, J. (2013).&nbsp;<em>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed vybran\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f k realizaci evaluac\u00ed<\/em>. Evalua\u010dn\u00ed teorie a praxe 1(1): 29\u201352<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[25]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RENARD, Y. (2004).&nbsp;<em>Guidelines for Stakeholder Identification and Analysis: A&nbsp;Manual for Caribbean Natural Resource Managers and Planners<\/em>. CANARI Guidelines Series 5. Caribbean Natural Resources Institute. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.alnap.org\/pool\/files\/guidelines5.pdf\">http:\/\/www.alnap.org\/pool\/files\/guidelines5.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[26]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; REVIT Consortium. (2007).&nbsp;<em>Working towards more effective and sustainable brownfield revitalisation policies. Stakeholder engagement \u2013 a toolkit<\/em>. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.revit-nweurope.org\/ventura\/engine.php?Cmd=getpicture&amp;P_site=620&amp;P_self=1823\">http:\/\/www.revit-nweurope.org\/ventura\/engine.php?Cmd=getpicture<br>&amp;P_site=620&amp;P_self=1823<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[27]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; REZAZADE MEHRIZI, M.H., GHASEMZADEH, F. a MOLAS-GALLART, J. (2009). Stakeholder Mapping as an Assessment Framework for Policy Implementation.&nbsp;<em>Evaluation 15<\/em>, 427. DOI: 10.1177\/<br>1356389009341731<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[28]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RISHI, P. MOGHE, S. a UPADHYAY, B. K. (2008). Analysis of hierarchy of needs and motivational strategies for eco-development planning in&nbsp;two national parks of India.&nbsp;<em>Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52<\/em>, 707\u2013718.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[29]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ROSSI, P. H., LIPSEY, M. W. a FREEMAN, H. E. (2004).&nbsp;<em>Evaluation. A&nbsp;Systematic Approach.<\/em>&nbsp;7th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[30]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SANDERS, J. R. (1994).&nbsp;<em>The Program Evaluation Standards: How to Assess Evaluations of Educational Programs<\/em>. (2nd Ed.).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s\/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_2?ie=UTF8&amp;text=The+Joint+Committee+on+Standards+for+Educational+Evaluation&amp;search-alias=books&amp;field-author=The+Joint+Committee+on+Standards+for+Educational+Evaluation&amp;sort=relevancerank\">The Joint Committee on&nbsp;Standards for Educational Evaluatio<\/a>n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[31]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SCHMEER, K. (1999).&nbsp;<em>Guidelines for Conducting a Stakeholder Analysis.<\/em>&nbsp;Bethesda, MD: Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates Inc. Dostupn\u00e9 z:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/management\/partnerships\/overall\/GuidelinesConductingStakeholderAnalysis.pdf\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/management\/partnerships\/overall<br>\/GuidelinesConductingStakeholderAnalysis.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[32]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STAKE R. E. (1975).&nbsp;<em>Program Evaluation, Particularly Responsive Evaluation<\/em>. Kalamazoo: Western Michigan University Evaluation Center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[33]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; YARBROUGH, D. B., SHULA, L. M., HOPSON, R. K., CARUTHERS, F. A. (2010).&nbsp;<em>The Program Evaluation Standards: A guide for evaluators and&nbsp;evaluation users&nbsp;<\/em>(3rd. Ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/metody-identifikace-sth\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/metody-identifikace-sth\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Proti tradi\u010dn\u011b u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9mu term\u00ednu&nbsp;<em>publika evaluace<\/em>&nbsp;vystoupil nap\u0159\u00edklad Alkin (2011),<br>kter\u00fd argumentuje, \u017ee tento term\u00edn p\u0159isuzuje zainteresovan\u00fdm stran\u00e1m pasivn\u00ed roli a jedn\u00e1 se tedy o neadekv\u00e1tn\u00ed pojet\u00ed. S\u00e1m prosazuje pou\u017eit\u00ed term\u00ednu&nbsp;<em>stakeholders<\/em>, kde&nbsp;<em>stake<\/em>&nbsp;(z\u00e1jem) odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed aktivn\u00ed z\u00e1jem t\u011bchto jedinc\u016f\/skupin na hodnocen\u00e9m programu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stakeholder analysis is considered a common part of current evaluation practice. In spite of that, the procedures applied in the area remain insuffi-cient. Stakeholders tend to be identified only in an intuitive and piecemeal fashion, the range of stakeholders narrowed down to the program admin-istrator or target groups. The aim of this paper is to highlight specific methods and approaches that are suitable for use in stakeholder analysis, and particularly in their identification. Non-systematic (intuitive) methods such as brainstorming, key informant interviews and snowball are used in evaluation more frequently than systematic approaches due to their relative ease of application, yet their potential for subjectivity and incompleteness of stakeholder analysis is much greater. The paper emphasizes the importance of systematic and non-intuitive stakeholder identification in order to overcome the shortcomings of non-systematic methods and encourage a more comprehensive work with stakeholders in evaluation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1488"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1490,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1488\/revisions\/1490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}