{"id":1512,"date":"2023-08-30T17:48:13","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T15:48:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/uncategorized\/moznosti-komplexniho-hodnoceni-kvality-bydleni\/"},"modified":"2023-09-18T09:19:24","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T07:19:24","slug":"possibilities-of-comprehensive-assessment-of-quality-of-housing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/articles\/possibilities-of-comprehensive-assessment-of-quality-of-housing\/","title":{"rendered":"Possibilities of comprehensive assessment of quality of\u00a0housing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstrakt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed obyvatel. V\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed v&nbsp;\u010cesku je ovlivn\u011bn hlavn\u011b dv\u011bma okolnostmi: n\u00edzkou ochotou obyvatel \u010ceska se st\u011bhovat a vysokou po\u0159izovac\u00ed cenou bydlen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je zpravidla nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed investic\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed. P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed lid\u00e9 zva\u017euj\u00ed mnoho aspekt\u016f. Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm m\u00edsto budouc\u00edho bydli\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdzkum bydlen\u00ed je v geografii pom\u011brn\u011b nov\u00fdm t\u00e9matem. P\u0159esto\u017ee systematick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum bydlen\u00ed a kvality bydlen\u00ed v \u010cesku prob\u00edh\u00e1 st\u00e1le intenzivn\u011bji (ve spole\u010denskov\u011bdn\u00edch oborech ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed), hodnocen\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed diferenciace kvality bydlen\u00ed a komparace obc\u00ed podle vhodnosti pro bydlen\u00ed provedeny nebyly. Pojem kvalita bydlen\u00ed se dosud objevoval t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b ve spojitosti s obydl\u00edm, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed jednotkou bydlen\u00ed. Proto\u017ee bydlen\u00ed pronik\u00e1 do v\u0161ech z\u00e1kladn\u00edch sf\u00e9r lidsk\u00e9ho a spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, je p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed jeho kvality t\u0159eba zohlednit v\u00edce p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f k&nbsp;bydlen\u00ed, bl\u00ed\u017ee definovan\u00fdch slo\u017ekami kvality bydlen\u00ed: technickou, polohovou, ekonomickou, pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek diskutuje teoretick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f k bydlen\u00ed a reziden\u010dn\u00edm preferenc\u00edm, \u010derp\u00e1 koncepty z nov\u011b formovan\u00e9ho oboru geografie bydlen\u00ed. \u010cl\u00e1nek je zam\u011b\u0159en metodologicky \u2013 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159itom k ut\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed atribut\u016f, podle kter\u00fdch v\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 nebo by prob\u00edhat mohl. Atributy podle v\u00fdznamu pomohli ut\u0159\u00eddit osloven\u00ed experti na problematiku bydlen\u00ed v \u010cesku z \u0159ad poradc\u016f, developer\u016f a akademick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f. P\u0159i tomto procesu byla pou\u017eita delfsk\u00e1 metoda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00edlem \u010dl\u00e1nku je navrhnout metodiku, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9 lze kvalitu bydlen\u00ed komplexn\u011b hodnotit. D\u016fraz je kladen na metody hodnocen\u00ed, ukazatele a&nbsp;zdroje dat, kter\u00e9 lze p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b proveden\u00e9ho expertn\u00edho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee pro v\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi atributy cena obydl\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edtomnost l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a \u0161kol v obci, kriminalita, \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a dopravn\u00ed dostupnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choice of housing is one of the most important decisions of inhabitants. On the one hand, the importance of the choice of housing is conditional by low willingness of the Czech inhabitants to move and on the other hand, it is amplified by the high purchase price, which usually means the greatest investment in life of households. Thus, people consider many aspects during the choice of housing. The place of future residence is one of the most important of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Housing research is a relatively new topic in geography. Even though systematic research on housing and quality of housing in Czechia takes place more intensively (in the social sciences, for more than two decades), there were not performed territorial differentiation of the quality of housing assessment and comparison of municipalities according to&nbsp;suitability for. The concept of quality of housing has appeared almost exclusively in connection with the dwelling yet, the basic unit of housing. Housing permeates all basic areas of human and social life. Therefore the evaluation of the quality of housing should consider more approaches to housing and components of housing quality: technical, positional, economic, legal-institutional, socio-cultural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theoretical approaches of different disciplines to housing and residential preferences are primarily discussed in this paper. The key approaches were drawn from the newly formed housing geography. The&nbsp;paper contributes to sorting out of the attributes which determine the choice of housing (or should determine) at the methodological level. Experts on housing in the Czechia were addressed among consultants, developers and academics. They helped to sort the attributes according to its importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The aim of the paper is to draft the methodology for the comprehensive assessment of quality of housing. The emphasis is on indicators, sources, quality of data and methods of evaluation, which can be used in&nbsp;the&nbsp;assessment of the quality of housing. Based on the experts\u00b4 investigation it was found out that the most important attributes for&nbsp;the&nbsp;choice of housing are housing price, the presence of medical doctors and schools in the municipality, crime, environment and transport accessibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geografie bydlen\u00ed, kvalita bydlen\u00ed, v\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed, \u010cesko<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geography of housing, quality of housing, choice of housing, Czechia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;\u010cl\u00e1nek vznikl s podporou projektu SVV P\u0159F UK \u010d. 260309.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalita bydlen\u00ed hraje p\u0159i objektivn\u00edm i subjektivn\u00edm hodnocen\u00ed kvality \u017eivota jedince podstatnou roli, proto\u017ee velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u017eivota se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v&nbsp;m\u00edst\u011b bydli\u0161t\u011b. Po roce 1989 se obyvatel\u016fm \u010ceska otev\u0159el nov\u00fd zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed i postup\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed (Sz\u00e9kely 2006). S koncem p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed byt\u016f v dob\u011b komunistick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu a privilegovan\u00e9ho regulovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1jemn\u00edho bydlen\u00ed v obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 post-socialistick\u00e9 \u00e9ry se mo\u017enosti po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bydlen\u00ed v \u010cesku teoreticky uvolnily v\u0161em skupin\u00e1m obyvatel, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru m\u00edsta pro bydlen\u00ed. Ukon\u010den\u00ed masivn\u00edho p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed byt\u016f v n\u00e1vaznosti na pracovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti znamenalo za\u010d\u00e1tek vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed bydlen\u00ed jako statku, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed n\u00e1rokov\u00fd, lze ho ale z\u00edskat na z\u00e1klad\u011b ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdkonnosti (Lux, Sunega, 2010). Obyvatel\u00e9 se nov\u011b mohli sami rozhodovat o v\u00fdb\u011bru sv\u00e9ho (nov\u00e9ho) bydlen\u00ed a p\u0159itom museli zv\u00e1\u017eit mnoho faktor\u016f jako nap\u0159. soci\u00e1ln\u00ed kvalitu nebo \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed v \u00fazem\u00ed. Jako d\u016fsledek svobodn\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru \u00fazem\u00ed pro bydlen\u00ed do\u0161lo k \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 redistribuci obyvatel, kdy se lid\u00e9 st\u011bhovali z v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch do men\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddel \u010ceska (\u010cerm\u00e1k 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Koup\u011b bydlen\u00ed p\u0159esto nen\u00ed \u201eindividu\u00e1ln\u00edm, informovan\u00fdm a pragmaticky promy\u0161len\u00fdm krokem\u201c (Lux 2015, s. 5). Informace nejsou v\u0161em lidem dostupn\u00e9 stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, resp. lid\u00e9 neberou v potaz v\u0161echny aspekty jejich budouc\u00edho bydlen\u00ed. Proto je vhodn\u00e9 hledat ukazatele, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed, a lokality bydlen\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b, hraj\u00ed podstatnou roli. Pokud p\u0159ipust\u00edme, \u017ee rozd\u00edly v kvalit\u011b bydlen\u00ed ji\u017e existuj\u00ed (de facto jsou p\u0159irozen\u00e9), mo\u017en\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 informovanost obyvatel stoj\u00ed za relativn\u00ed reziden\u010dn\u00ed stabilitou a jen velmi m\u00edrnou depopulac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch obc\u00ed a region\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem \u010dl\u00e1nku je zjistit, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010deho lze kvalitu bydlen\u00ed hodnotit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K hodnocen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed jsou sestrojeny indexy kvality bydlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se po vzoru index\u016f kvality \u017eivota (He\u0159manov\u00e1 2012) skl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u017edy z n\u011bkolika ukazatel\u016f zastupuj\u00edc\u00edch jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017eky bydlen\u00ed. Ukazatele kvality bydlen\u00ed byly ut\u0159\u00edd\u011bny skupinou osloven\u00fdch expert\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se dlouhodob\u011b reziden\u010dn\u00edmi nemovitostmi a bydlen\u00edm obecn\u011b. Experti ve dvoukolov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed vyb\u00edrali nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ukazatele kvality bydlen\u00ed. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd seznam ukazatel\u016f set\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00fdch podle p\u011bti slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed (technick\u00e9, polohov\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9, pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed) jsou v \u010dl\u00e1nku podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1ny spolu s konceptem p\u011bti slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed (Baxa 2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Obecn\u00e1 v\u00fdchodiska v\u00fdzkumu kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalita \u017eivota je \u0161irok\u00fd pojem, kter\u00fd je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159i snaze o zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed rozd\u011blit na sn\u00e1ze analyzovateln\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, mj. na subjektivn\u00ed a objektivn\u00ed kvalitu \u017eivota (He\u0159manov\u00e1 2012; Ira, Murga\u0161 2008). Podle He\u0159manov\u00e9 (2012) se v\u00fdzkum subjektivn\u00edch aspekt\u016f kvality \u017eivota soust\u0159ed\u00ed na celkovou spokojenost s \u017eivotem a na spokojenost s d\u00edl\u010d\u00edmi oblastmi \u017eivota, bydlen\u00ed nevyj\u00edmaje. Kvalitu \u017eivota p\u0159itom utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed a podmi\u0148uj\u00ed jak vnit\u0159n\u00ed, tak tak\u00e9 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed faktory. Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed faktory determinuj\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, zat\u00edmco vnit\u0159n\u00ed faktory jsou p\u0159edm\u011btem rozhodnut\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotlivc\u016f. Kvalitu \u017eivota je t\u0159eba ch\u00e1pat tak\u00e9 v mo\u017enostech a napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edch pot\u0159eb (Costanza a kol. 2008), jin\u00fdmi slovy schopnost\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvat vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky i&nbsp;osobn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti. Mourek (1998) zmi\u0148uje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed faktory kvality \u017eivota: zdrav\u00ed, rodina a p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9, pr\u00e1ce, bydlen\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, bezpe\u010dnost, dostatek finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kulturn\u00ed vy\u017eit\u00ed, z nich\u017e v\u00fdznamnou \u00falohu hraje zejm\u00e9na bydlen\u00ed. Hodnocen\u00ed jeho objektivn\u00edch podm\u00ednek je p\u0159edm\u011btem z\u00e1jmu t\u00e9to stati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch p\u011bt slo\u017eek (technick\u00e1, polohov\u00e1, ekonomick\u00e1, pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed) vych\u00e1z\u00ed z interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu k hodnocen\u00ed bydlen\u00ed a odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed se v nich p\u0159\u00edstupy z r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se bydlen\u00edm. Nab\u00edz\u00ed se i jin\u00e1 rozd\u011blen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na podle polohov\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed (na kvalitu obydl\u00ed, kvalitu nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed obydl\u00ed a kvalitu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed). V\u00fdznam kvality bydlen\u00ed se ur\u010ditou m\u011brou sni\u017euje se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkovou \u00farovn\u00ed pohledu, kde nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed je obydl\u00ed, domov. V\u00fdznam m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka se projevuje ve v\u00fdzkumu kvality \u017eivota stejn\u011b jako ve v\u00fdzkumu bydlen\u00ed, kdy ur\u010dit\u00e9 procesy mohou p\u016fsobit odli\u0161n\u011b na jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkov\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch. Slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed, rovn\u011b\u017e tak jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kvality \u017eivota, p\u016fsob\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch uveden\u00e9 kask\u00e1dy odli\u0161n\u011b. Technick\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed nejv\u00edce na \u00farovni obydl\u00ed a jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkovou \u00farovn\u00ed kles\u00e1, naopak soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eka na \u00farovni m\u011bsta\/mikroregionu a sousedstv\u00ed kles\u00e1. Souhrnn\u011b lze rozli\u0161it vnit\u0159n\u00ed charakteristiky a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00edn\u011bnosti (r\u00e1mce) jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed charakteristiky mohou b\u00fdt zaznamenateln\u00e9 v \u00farovni obydl\u00ed i v \u00farovni obc\u00ed, zat\u00edmco vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed r\u00e1mce jsou okolnostmi, kter\u00e9 bydl\u00edc\u00ed nem\u016f\u017ee v m\u00edst\u011b sv\u00e9ho bydli\u0161t\u011b zm\u011bnit (nap\u0159. z\u00e1kony, stavebn\u00ed normy, ale i kulturn\u00ed zm\u011bny).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"488\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-17.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-989\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-17.jpg 488w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-17-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-17-99x75.jpg 99w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-17-480x364.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 488px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Souhrnn\u00e1 definice kvality bydlen\u00ed prozat\u00edm chyb\u00ed; jej\u00ed n\u00e1vrh by mohl zn\u00edt takto: \u201eKvalitou bydlen\u00ed je spokojenost a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed bydl\u00edc\u00edch jejich vlastn\u00edho (nebo potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho) bydlen\u00ed (kognitivn\u00ed slo\u017eku) na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 a obecn\u00e9 charakteristiky bydlen\u00ed v s\u00eddlech na stran\u011b druh\u00e9\u201c (Baxa, Chrom\u00fd 2015). Kvalita bydlen\u00ed \u201ezahrnuje nejen fyzickou kvalitu bytu jako takovou<br>\u2013&nbsp;v&nbsp;\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed terminologii danou velikost\u00ed \u010di kategori\u00ed, ale je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm i&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00edch, n\u011bkdy emocion\u00e1ln\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch, aspekt\u016f, nap\u0159. formy vlastnictv\u00ed, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, vzd\u00e1lenosti bydli\u0161t\u011b od rodi\u010d\u016f nebo \u0161koly, n\u00e1vratu do bl\u00edzk\u00fdch m\u00edst (do vlasti, domova)\u201c (Nedomov\u00e1 a kol. 1999). Kvalita bydlen\u00ed je zmi\u0148ov\u00e1na jako hlavn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st soci\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je spolu se zam\u011bstnanost\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edjmy a \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem predispozic\u00ed zdrav\u00ed obyvatel (Gregory a kol. 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalita bydlen\u00ed determinuje v\u011bt\u0161inu \u017eivota jednotlivc\u016f, proto\u017ee utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde tr\u00e1v\u00ed podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu. Kvalitu bydlen\u00ed nelze zm\u011bnit pouh\u00fdm p\u0159est\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00edm se, proto\u017ee se zm\u011bnou m\u00edsta, typu nebo ceny obydl\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u00ed jen \u010d\u00e1st kvality bydlen\u00ed. Kvalitu bydlen\u00ed lze vn\u00edmat tak\u00e9 jako prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje regeneraci sil, rodinn\u00fd \u017eivot a seberealizaci mimo zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed. Kvalita bydlen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit jako indik\u00e1tor vysp\u011blosti, spole\u010dn\u00fd rozvojov\u00fd c\u00edl st\u00e1t\u016f, municipalit i dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obyvatel\u00e9 \u010ceska se st\u011bhuj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 1,8 kr\u00e1t za \u017eivot (orienta\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010det podle dat \u010cS\u00da 2016), n\u00e1sledkem \u010deho\u017e je strnulost \u010desk\u00e9ho trhu s bydlen\u00edm (Pol\u00e1kov\u00e1 a kol. 2006), p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak trhu s rodinn\u00fdmi domy. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 to tak\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010ce\u0161i maj\u00ed pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vztah k m\u00edstu bydlen\u00ed. V kontextu tohoto nelze ov\u0161em tvrdit, \u017ee v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed \u010ce\u0161i v\u011bnuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost ne\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 ostatn\u00edch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010c\u00e1st informac\u00ed o rozhodovac\u00edm procesu lze z\u00edskat ze studi\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na konceptu racionality (snahy obyvatel o maximalizaci u\u017eitku) p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b m\u00edsta bydlen\u00ed. Wong (2002) zpracoval koncep\u010dn\u00ed model rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed o st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdstupem st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednek bydlen\u00ed. Reakc\u00ed na negativn\u00ed percepci podm\u00ednek m\u00edsta m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt bu\u010f ur\u010dit\u00e1 zm\u011bna podm\u00ednek bydlen\u00ed (z pohledu st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed rezignace) nebo st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed se do jin\u00e9ho obydl\u00ed na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. Rozd\u00edl mezi zm\u011bnou bydlen\u00ed a st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 hranice stresu dom\u00e1cnosti ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 mimo jin\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fd\u0161\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch transak\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f (Edin, Englund 1991). Rozhodnut\u00ed o st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed do jin\u00e9ho kraje (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b st\u00e1tu) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u016fsledkem percepce odli\u0161n\u00fdch aspekt\u016f, resp. slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed ne\u017e rozhodnut\u00ed se st\u011bhovat do jin\u00e9 obce (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mikroregionu). P\u0159i tomto polohov\u00e9m dilematu lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee&nbsp;d\u016fvodem k vyst\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed se z kraje bude nespokojenost se soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017ekou kvality bydlen\u00ed, nikoliv v\u0161ak technick\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed (viz Obr\u00e1zek 2).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"746\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-991\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-15.jpg 497w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-15-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-15-50x75.jpg 50w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-15-480x720.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 497px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Metodologie<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdb\u011br faktor\u016f kvality bydlen\u00ed prob\u011bhl pomoc\u00ed delfsk\u00e9 metody, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila jednotliv\u00e9 faktory se\u0159adit podle jejich v\u00fdznamu. Z\u00e1kladem delfsk\u00e9 metody je kvalitativn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed proveden\u00e9 mezi experty v dan\u00e9 problematice. Experti odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed na ot\u00e1zky polo\u017een\u00e9 tak, aby v\u00fdsledky m\u011bly kvantitativn\u00ed hodnotu a bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st statistick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat (Smejkal, Rais 2006). Zpravidla se takov\u00fdto v\u00fdzkum prov\u00e1d\u00ed anonymn\u011b s&nbsp;t\u00edm, \u017ee experti mus\u00ed sv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky zd\u016fvodnit a jejich zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdzkumu zm\u00edn\u011bno a konfrontov\u00e1no s n\u00e1zory ostatn\u00edch expert\u016f. S \u010dasov\u00fdm odstupem prob\u00edh\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze v\u00fdzkumu, kdy jsou experti sezn\u00e1meni s odpov\u011b\u010fmi ostatn\u00edch expert\u016f a maj\u00ed mo\u017enost zm\u011bnit nebo revidovat sv\u00e1 stanoviska, tedy znovu hodnot\u00ed atributy, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lokaliza\u010dn\u00ed aspekty bydlen\u00ed, a vypl\u0148uj\u00ed dotazn\u00edk podruh\u00e9. C\u00edlem delfsk\u00e9 metody je ur\u010dit\u00fd konsensus nebo shoda expert\u016f na jednom v\u00fdsledn\u00e9m v\u00fdstupu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V r\u00e1mci proveden\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu byli nejd\u0159\u00edve kontaktov\u00e1ni jednotliv\u00ed experti s \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o participaci na v\u00fdzkumu a n\u00e1sledn\u011b byla s ka\u017ed\u00fdm z nich provedena prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed (resp. \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f). N\u00e1sledovalo proveden\u00ed druh\u00e9ho kola s rozesl\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f prvn\u00edho kola a \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o op\u011btovn\u00e9 vypln\u011bn\u00ed dotazn\u00edku. V r\u00e1mci \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f se s&nbsp;experty diskutoval i samotn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br ukazatel\u016f tak, aby \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u00fd ukazatel nechyb\u011bl; z\u00e1rove\u0148 byly vybr\u00e1ny takov\u00e9 ukazatele, kter\u00e9 by se daly hodnotit v druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdzkumu kvantitativn\u011b. Ukazatele byly vybr\u00e1ny tak, aby u nich bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vat spojitost s bydlen\u00edm, z\u00e1kladem p\u0159itom byly zku\u0161enosti z d\u0159\u00edve uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed (Baxa, Chrom\u00fd 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160et\u0159en\u00ed prob\u011bhlo na p\u0159elomu let 2010 a 2011. Osloveni byli t\u0159i experti z&nbsp;akademick\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry, zbyl\u00ed experti poch\u00e1zeli z \u0159ad developer\u016f nebo poradensk\u00fdch firem (reziden\u010dn\u00ed poradci, oce\u0148ova\u010di nemovitost\u00ed). Zastoupeni byli architekti, stava\u0159i, geografov\u00e9, ekonomov\u00e9 a sociologov\u00e9. Experti byli osloveni osobn\u011b, telefonicky a e-mailem spolu s vysv\u011btlen\u00edm d\u016fvodu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Osloveno bylo celkem patn\u00e1ct expert\u016f, z toho jeden\u00e1ct p\u0159isl\u00edbilo \u00fa\u010dast a dev\u011bt<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;se v\u00fdzkumu skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00fa\u010dastnilo. Experti hodnotili dohromady 86 ukazatel\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd mohl uv\u00e9st nanejv\u00fd\u0161 t\u0159i dal\u0161\u00ed alternativn\u00ed ukazatele ke ka\u017ed\u00e9 z p\u011bti slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed. Alternativn\u00ed ukazatele mohli ve druh\u00e9m kole hodnotit i ostatn\u00ed experti, co\u017e se ale nestalo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzhledem k o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdm disproporc\u00edm v odpov\u011bd\u00edch jednotliv\u00fdch expert\u016f podle sektor\u016f, v nich\u017e experti pracuj\u00ed (ve\u0159ejn\u00fd vs. komer\u010dn\u00ed), bylo t\u0159eba v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 body<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;vhodn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zpr\u016fm\u011brovat. Pr\u016fm\u011br lze vypo\u010d\u00edst v&nbsp;tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkolika zp\u016fsoby \u2013 bu\u010f aritmetick\u00fdm, alfa useknut\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem nebo medi\u00e1nem. Aritmetick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br zna\u010dn\u011b deformuj\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed hodnoty. Medi\u00e1nov\u00e1 hodnota skr\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00faskal\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v nereflektov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti odpov\u011bd\u00ed expert\u016f a v ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed reprezentativnosti v\u0161ech odpov\u011bd\u00ed. Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f byl pou\u017eit postup s vyu\u017eit\u00edm alfa useknut\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 hodnota se vypo\u010detla aritmetick\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem p\u0159i&nbsp;nezohledn\u011bn\u00ed dvou krajn\u00edch hodnot. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch hodnot z&nbsp;u\u017eit\u00ed delfsk\u00e9 metody byly jednotliv\u00e9 aspekty kvality bydlen\u00ed se\u0159azeny podle p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fdch bod\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu vybran\u00e9mu aspektu byla p\u0159i\u0159azena v\u00e1ha, kter\u00e1 byla pot\u00e9 zakomponov\u00e1na do vzorce d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch a souhrnn\u00fdch index\u016f kvality bydlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Hodnocen\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S ohledem na mal\u00fd po\u010det respondent\u016f jsou odli\u0161nosti v odpov\u011bd\u00edch podle charakteristik respondent\u016f jen opatrn\u00fdm hodnocen\u00edm, p\u0159esto se zaj\u00edmav\u00fdmi zaznamenan\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly. \u017deny d\u00e1valy v pr\u016fm\u011bru vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky ne\u017e mu\u017ei (3,5 vs. 3,1), a to u v\u0161ech slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi ob\u011bma pohlav\u00edmi byl zaznamen\u00e1n u technick\u00e9 (0,1), soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed a polohov\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed (0,2). Naopak nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl v&nbsp;hodnocen\u00ed byl mezi ob\u011bma pohlav\u00edmi u ekonomick\u00e9 slo\u017eky (1,2), kdy&nbsp;vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky ud\u011blovaly \u017eeny. Zat\u00edmco experti z oboru developmentu a oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nemovitost\u00ed shodn\u011b pova\u017euj\u00ed za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 atributy polohov\u00e9 slo\u017eky a za m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 atributy soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed, v\u011bde\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci p\u0159ikl\u00e1daj\u00ed atribut\u016fm v\u0161ech slo\u017eek stejnou v\u00e1hu. Experti z oboru poradenstv\u00ed kladou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz na technickou a soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eku kvality bydlen\u00ed a celkov\u011b p\u0159id\u011bluj\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdm ukazatel\u016fm v\u0161ech slo\u017eek nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed bodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd expert nevyplnil v\u0161echny ukazatele; po\u010det hodnocen\u00ed klesal \u00fam\u011brn\u011b p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fdm bodov\u00fdm zn\u00e1mk\u00e1m. Experti absenci bodov\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek vysv\u011btlovali t\u00edm, \u017ee nev\u011bd\u00ed, jestli m\u00e1 dan\u00fd ukazatel na kvalitu bydlen\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed nebo negativn\u00ed vliv. U t\u0159ech ukazatel\u016f (p\u0159irozen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstek obyvatel celkem, deta\u0161ovan\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b samostatn\u00e9 ordinace praktick\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e pro d\u011bti a dorost a deta\u0161ovan\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b samostatn\u00e9 ordinace stomatologa) absentovala \u010dty\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed, u 19 ukazatel\u016f chyb\u011bly t\u0159i bodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky a u 17 ukazatel\u016f dv\u011b zn\u00e1mky. U zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch ukazatel\u016f chyb\u011bla nejv\u00fd\u0161e jedna bodov\u00e1 zn\u00e1mka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed v\u0161ech ukazatel\u016f zobrazuje P\u0159\u00edloha 1, kde jsou vypo\u010dteny prost\u00e9 aritmetick\u00e9 a alfa-useknut\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011bry a rozptyly odpov\u011bd\u00ed. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee ukazatele s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi bodov\u00fdmi zn\u00e1mkami a nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi rozptyly maj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vliv na kvalitu bydlen\u00ed. Ukazatel\u016f s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brem ne\u017e 4,5 bodu a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm rozptylem ne\u017e 0,5 bylo sedm (cena bytu, p\u0159\u00edtomnost z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly, p\u0159\u00edtomnost MHD, kupn\u00ed cena stavebn\u00edch pozemk\u016f, p\u0159\u00edtomnost mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly a v\u00fd\u0161e n\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho). Druh\u00e9 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sk\u00f3re obdr\u017eelo 12 ukazatel\u016f s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bodovou zn\u00e1mkou ne\u017e 3,7 nebo s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou ne\u017e 4,5 a rozptylem do 2 bod\u016f (viz Tabulka 1). Hodnoty alfa-useknut\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f vybran\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f byly d\u00e1le pou\u017eity jako v\u00e1hy ukazatel\u016f p\u0159i konstrukci index\u016f slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed a p\u0159enesen\u011b i&nbsp;v&nbsp;konstrukci celkov\u00fdch index\u016f kvality bydlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"503\" height=\"233\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-13.jpg 503w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-13-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-13-150x69.jpg 150w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-13-480x222.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 503px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>Slo\u017eky a ukazatele kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Slo\u017ek\u00e1m kvality bydlen\u00ed je v\u011bnov\u00e1n odli\u0161n\u00fd prostor, nebo\u0165 se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed slo\u017eitost, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mo\u017enosti nalezen\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch indik\u00e1tor\u016f. Je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 alespo\u0148 stru\u010dn\u011b rozebrat siln\u00e9 i slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky vybran\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f kvality bydlen\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b jejich mo\u017en\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro hodnocen\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nelze opominout ani mo\u017en\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed indik\u00e1tory<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.1 Technick\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Technick\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed se v\u00e1\u017ee k samotn\u00e9mu obydl\u00ed a spadaj\u00ed sem i kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 dilemata v\u00fdb\u011bru nov\u00e9ho bydlen\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na volba typu obydl\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se lid\u00e9 rozhoduj\u00ed mezi rodinn\u00fdm domem a bytem, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e rodinn\u00fd d\u016fm preferuj\u00ed v \u010cesku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159i \u010dtvrtiny obyvatel (\u0160tef\u00e1nkov\u00e1, Drbohlav 2014). Rodinn\u00e9 domy se od t\u011bch bytov\u00fdch odli\u0161uj\u00ed v mnoha aspektech, s pojmem rodinn\u00fd a bytov\u00fd d\u016fm se \u010dasto poj\u00ed i materi\u00e1l st\u011bn, p\u0159esto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o dva odli\u0161n\u00e9 parametry (viz panelov\u00e9 domy, v nich\u017e \u017eije p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2,7 milion\u016f obyvatel \u010ceska). Nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm typem dom\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch k bydlen\u00ed je samostatn\u00fd rodinn\u00fd d\u016fm. Podle pod\u00edlu rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f v obci se li\u0161\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina sledovan\u00fdch charakteristik technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed. Oproti byt\u016fm v bytov\u00fdch domech m\u00edvaj\u00ed rodinn\u00e9 domy zpravidla v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed obytnou plochu, v\u00edce m\u00edstnost\u00ed, hor\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed do s\u00edt\u00ed technick\u00e9 infrastruktury nebo odli\u0161n\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly zd\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hodnocen\u00ed technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed lze rozd\u011blit na vnit\u0159n\u00ed charakteristiky obydl\u00ed, vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stav a materi\u00e1ly obydl\u00ed a p\u0159ipojen\u00ed na s\u00edt\u011b technick\u00e9 infrastruktury. Ukazatele technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v z\u00e1vislosti na typu obydl\u00ed (rodinn\u00fd d\u016fm vs. byt), z \u010deho\u017e lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee v \u010cesku budou zna\u010dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi venkovsk\u00fdmi obcemi a&nbsp;m\u011bsty podle p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho typu obydl\u00ed. V\u00fdvoj technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed v transforma\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed pro\u0161el velk\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami, a to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee obnova bytov\u00e9ho fondu prob\u00edh\u00e1. Dynamiku zm\u011bn lze nejl\u00e9pe zachytit sledov\u00e1n\u00edm charakteristik nov\u00e9 v\u00fdstavby resp. dokon\u010den\u00fdch obydl\u00ed. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bnou obydl\u00ed je r\u016fst pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 obytn\u00e9 plochy a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159ipojen\u00ed obydl\u00ed na s\u00edt\u011b technick\u00e9 infrastruktury (zejm\u00e9na na&nbsp;kanalizaci). P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu cens\u00e1ln\u00edch ukazatel\u016f relativizovat nebo v\u00e1\u017eit (nap\u0159. plocha obydl\u00ed na po\u010det bydl\u00edc\u00edch osob). Chyb\u00ed v\u0161ak detailn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch parametr\u016f vnit\u0159n\u00edch charakteristik obydl\u00ed ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch komfort i zdrav\u00ed osob, jako nap\u0159. p\u0159\u00edstup denn\u00edho sv\u011btla, mo\u017enost v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di teplotn\u00ed komfort (WorldGBC 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dot\u00e1zan\u00ed experti hodnotili z technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ukazatele vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k plo\u0161e obydl\u00ed, materi\u00e1lu zd\u00ed a p\u0159ipojen\u00ed na technickou infrastrukturu. S m\u00edrn\u00fdm odstupem hodnotili po\u010det trvale obydlen\u00fdch byt\u016f, celkov\u00fd po\u010det byt\u016f a pod\u00edl obyvatel \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v rodinn\u00fdch domech. P\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed byly n\u00edzk\u00e9 bodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky ukazatel\u016f st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dom\u016f, p\u0159itom podle obdob\u00ed v\u00fdstavby se m\u011bn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly, pou\u017eit\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed normy a dal\u0161\u00ed aspekty. N\u00edzk\u00e9 bodov\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky experti p\u0159id\u011blili i pod\u00edlu neobydlen\u00fdch byt\u016f nebo byt\u016f slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edch k rekreaci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nenavrhli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd dal\u0161\u00ed ukazatel t\u00e9to slo\u017eky. U ukazatel\u016f technick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed panovala relativn\u00ed shoda expert\u016f v r\u00e1mci hodnocen\u00ed, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozptyl u p\u0159ipojen\u00ed na s\u00edt\u011b technick\u00e9 infrastruktury (kanalizace i vodovodu) byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b d\u016fsledkem nahraditelnosti obou s\u00edt\u00ed (dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u010disti\u010dka odpadn\u00edch vod nebo dom\u00e1c\u00ed vodovod). Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozptyl u pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu osob bydl\u00edc\u00edch v byt\u011b m\u016f\u017ee ukazovat na pot\u0159ebu tento ukazatel d\u00e1le v\u00e1\u017eit, nap\u0159.&nbsp;jako pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det osob na obytnou m\u00edstnost nebo pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det osob na m<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;obytn\u00e9 plochy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.2 Polohov\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polohov\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed p\u0159i\u0159azuje k hodnocen\u00ed obydl\u00ed m\u00edsto, na&nbsp;n\u011bm\u017e obydl\u00ed stoj\u00ed. Aspekt\u016f m\u00edsta existuje mnoho (V\u00e1vra 2010) a existuje n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch dilemat p\u0159i jeho posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed. Experti identifikovali nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 komponenty, nicm\u00e9n\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed nem\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 aspekty p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed jen obecn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky. Proces v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed je doprov\u00e1zen t\u011bmito lokaliza\u010dn\u00edmi dilematy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a) poloha v r\u00e1mci s\u00eddeln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu (samota \u2013 venkov \u2013 p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed<br>\u2013 m\u011bsto);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>b) poloha v r\u00e1mci s\u00eddla (okraj s\u00eddla \u2013 z\u00e1zem\u00ed centra \u2013 centrum s\u00eddla);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>c) st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci obce \u2013 okresu (okres\/ORP\/PO\u00da) \u2013 kraje \u2013 st\u00e1tu<br>\u2013 Evropy \u2013 sv\u011bta;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d) atraktivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed vs. pracovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalitu bydlen\u00ed lze hodnotit lok\u00e1ln\u011b, mikroregion\u00e1ln\u011b, meziregion\u00e1ln\u011b a&nbsp;makroregion\u00e1ln\u011b. Lok\u00e1ln\u00ed polohu je mo\u017en\u00e9 v reziden\u010dn\u00edch \u010dtvrt\u00edch hodnotit jako doch\u00e1zkovou vzd\u00e1lenost od z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prvk\u016f ob\u010dansk\u00e9 vybavenosti, p\u0159\u00edp. pr\u00e1ce, \u0161kol a jin\u00fdch pot\u0159eb denn\u00edho \u017eivota. Poloha je m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1 jak v jednotk\u00e1ch vzd\u00e1lenosti, tak v jednotk\u00e1ch \u010dasu (\u010dasov\u00e1 dostupnost). V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obc\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st hodnocen\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti i \u010dasov\u00e9 dostupnosti pomoc\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f o dopravn\u00ed dostupnosti. Hor\u00e1k a kol. (2006) rozli\u0161uje dopravn\u00ed dostupnost na 1) metrickou, 2) \u010dasovou, 3) topologickou, 4) cenovou a 5) ostatn\u00ed. Lok\u00e1ln\u00ed polohu tak\u00e9 rozli\u0161ujeme na: 1) nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed (blok dom\u016f, ulice \u2013 poj\u00ed se s pojmem \u201esousedstv\u00ed\u201c, \u201eeye distance\u201c) a 2) celou vesnici nebo m\u011bstskou \u010d\u00e1st (\u00fazem\u00ed denn\u00edho pohybu, \u201efoot distance\u201c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polohov\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed zahrnuje t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed oblasti. Prvn\u00ed oblast\u00ed jsou plochy, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, druh\u00e1 oblast zastupuje s\u00edt\u011b (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dopravu) a t\u0159et\u00ed skupinou jsou ukazatele \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Hodnocen\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u010d. emis\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou za pomoci mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f bez u\u017eit\u00ed administrativn\u00edch hranic \u00fazemn\u00edch jednotek, kter\u00e9 je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b daleko p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pou\u017eit\u00e9 \u00fadaje o emis\u00edch v&nbsp;jednotliv\u00fdch okresech. Do podrobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu by mohly vstupovat i&nbsp;charakteristiky pozemk\u016f (sva\u017eitost, expozice v\u016f\u010di sv\u011btov\u00fdm stran\u00e1m), v\u00fdhled, z\u00e1v\u011bt\u0159\u00ed \u010di m\u00edra zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed\/oslun\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experti mohli vyb\u00edrat z jeden\u00e1cti ukazatel\u016f polohov\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dostupnosti dat. Velmi dob\u0159e hodnocen\u00fdmi jsou ukazatele environment\u00e1ln\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a star\u00e9 ekologick\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>. Experti vybrali celkem \u0161est ukazatel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vybran\u00e9 metodick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my hodnocen\u00ed polohov\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1) U dopravy se hodnot\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e1 dostupnost center ORP, p\u0159itom nen\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u00e9, zdali jde o obvyklou, pr\u016fm\u011brnou nebo ide\u00e1ln\u00ed dopravn\u00ed dostupnost. Chyb\u00ed tak\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed nemotorov\u00e9 dopravy (zp\u016fsob denn\u00ed doj\u00ed\u017e\u010fky), kter\u00e9 by umo\u017enilo srovn\u00e1n\u00ed obc\u00ed (pod\u00edl obyvatel vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch j\u00edzdu do pr\u00e1ce na kole nebo p\u011b\u0161ky).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2) V\u00fdzkum vyu\u017eit\u00ed ploch na \u00fazem\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00ed se v\u00e1\u017ee k situaci uvnit\u0159 administrativn\u00edch hranic, zat\u00edmco celkov\u00e1 naturalita prost\u0159ed\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z pozice obce v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m typu krajiny. Typy krajiny tak\u00e9 zohled\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00edce charakteristik ne\u017e jen vyu\u017eit\u00ed ploch a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed krajiny v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm kontextu, nap\u0159. nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky a tvaru reli\u00e9fu, historick\u00fdch typ\u016f s\u00eddel, typ\u016f lidov\u00fdch dom\u016f nebo v\u00fdvoje a doby os\u00eddlen\u00ed krajiny (L\u00f6w, Nov\u00e1k 2008). Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny podle plo\u0161n\u00fdch znak\u016f nezohled\u0148uje drobn\u00e9 prvky, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed identitu obyvatel a d\u016fle\u017eitou spjatost jednotlivc\u016f s m\u00edstem domova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3) Hodnocen\u00ed emis\u00ed lze prov\u00e9st tak\u00e9 odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, a to pomoc\u00ed po\u010dtu dn\u016f, kdy byly p\u0159ekro\u010deny imisn\u00ed limity, \u010dili kdy kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u016fsobila obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 negativn\u011b na zdrav\u00ed obyvatel. Pou\u017eit\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed emise p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00e9 na km<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o zp\u016fsobu chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotlivc\u016f a firem v dan\u00e9m okrese a z\u00e1rove\u0148 o plo\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed schopn\u00e9ho toto mno\u017estv\u00ed emis\u00ed pojmout, av\u0161ak nikoliv o stavu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.3 Ekonomick\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekonomick\u00e1 slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed hodnot\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 charakteristiky bydlen\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm geografick\u00fdmi metodami. Zejm\u00e9na mikroekonomick\u00e1 rovina bydlen\u00ed m\u00e1 pro bydl\u00edc\u00ed dom\u00e1cnosti velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Investice do bydlen\u00ed toti\u017e b\u00fdv\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed investic\u00ed v \u017eivot\u011b a v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku t\u00e9to investice by m\u011bly dom\u00e1cnosti v\u011bnovat v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed n\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost ne\u017e v\u00fdb\u011bru jin\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experti vybrali celkem \u010dty\u0159i ukazatele z 13 navrhovan\u00fdch, a to cenu bytu, pr\u016fm\u011brnou kupn\u00ed cenu stavebn\u00edch pozemk\u016f, n\u00e1jemn\u00e9 a m\u00edru nezam\u011bstnanosti. Obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b se d\u00e1 posoudit vztah mezi kvalitou bydlen\u00ed a cenou obydl\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ide\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu by cena bydlen\u00ed byla skute\u010dn\u00fdm odrazem kvality bydlen\u00ed. Rovn\u00edtko mezi oba pojmy nelze vepsat z n\u011bkolika d\u016fvod\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1) V\u0161ichni \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci reziden\u010dn\u00edho trhu nemaj\u00ed stejn\u011b kvalitn\u00ed nebo stejn\u011b v\u010dasn\u00e9 informace, a proto uva\u017euj\u00ed o hodnot\u011b nemovitosti odli\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2) P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed hraje roli lidsk\u00fd kapit\u00e1l (vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u011bk a dal\u0161\u00ed charakteristiky jednotlivce, bl\u00ed\u017ee Baxa, Chrom\u00fd 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3) P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed faktory, jako nap\u0159. bl\u00edzkost p\u0159\u00e1tel a rodiny, zvyky, normy a tradice (bl\u00ed\u017ee Lux 2015); soci\u00e1ln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l a dal\u0161\u00ed iracionality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4) Dosud v \u010cesku neexistuje uzn\u00e1van\u00fd a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd zp\u016fsob hodnocen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed, na z\u00e1klad\u011b kter\u00e9ho by v\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed prob\u00edhal pomoc\u00ed multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5) Cena bydlen\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt vn\u00edm\u00e1na v\u010detn\u011b ve\u0161ker\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f spjat\u00fdch s&nbsp;obydl\u00edm za celou dobu jeho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo vlastnictv\u00ed, transak\u010dn\u00ed a provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady nevyj\u00edmaje. Tyto jsou ov\u0161em \u010dasto nejist\u00e9 (nap\u0159. p\u0159i po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bydlen\u00ed lze t\u011b\u017eko odhadovat n\u00e1klady na jeho op\u011btovn\u00fd prodej za des\u00edtky let) nebo se v \u010dase dynamicky m\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6) Odli\u0161n\u011b postupuj\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed ti, kte\u0159\u00ed zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed v obydl\u00ed bydlet (bydlen\u00ed jako pot\u0159eba) a investo\u0159i (bydlen\u00ed jako kapit\u00e1l).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ceny nemovitost\u00ed lze sledovat n\u011bkolika zp\u016fsoby. V odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se v&nbsp;posledn\u00edch letech nejv\u00edce zmi\u0148uje hedonick\u00fd cenov\u00fd index, p\u0159i\u0159azuj\u00edc\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm kvality bydlen\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed cenov\u00e9 funkce, kter\u00fd kalkuluje cenu reziden\u010dn\u00ed nemovitosti jako komplexn\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd statek (Lux, Sunega 2010). Jmenov\u00e1ny jsou konkr\u00e9tn\u011b aspekty technick\u00e9, polohov\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;a chybov\u00e1 slo\u017eka modelu. Jedin\u00fdm dlouhodob\u011b veden\u00fdm hedonick\u00fdm indexem cen bydlen\u00ed v \u010cesku je index publikovan\u00fd \u010cS\u00da, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u00fadaje z neve\u0159ejn\u00e9 evidence finan\u010dn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f (konkr\u00e9tn\u011b z&nbsp;p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed k dani z nemovitosti, nov\u011b dani z nabyt\u00ed nemovit\u00e9ho majetku) a&nbsp;na z\u00e1klad\u011b nich sleduje kupn\u00ed ceny nemovitost\u00ed. Cena reziden\u010dn\u00edch nemovitost\u00ed je odhadovan\u00e1 a evidovan\u00e1 v K\u010d\/m<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;obestav\u011bn\u00e9ho prostoru v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f a v K\u010d\/m<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;podlahov\u00e9 plochy v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byt\u016f. \u010cS\u00da rozli\u0161uje data o cen\u00e1ch obydl\u00ed po jednotliv\u00fdch kraj\u00edch i okresech, velikostn\u00edch kategori\u00edch obc\u00ed, sleduje zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 kupn\u00ed a odhadn\u00ed cenu nemovitost\u00ed a jejich opot\u0159eben\u00ed. Uveden\u00e9 t\u0159i faktory \u2013 \u00fazem\u00ed, velikost obce a&nbsp;m\u00edra opot\u0159eben\u00ed dle \u010cS\u00da dostate\u010dn\u011b vysv\u011btluj\u00ed jednotkovou cenu obydl\u00ed (\u010cS\u00da 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uveden\u00fd rozd\u00edl v metodice sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotkov\u00fdch cen vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdstavbu rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f se odv\u00edj\u00ed od spot\u0159ebovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (p\u0159\u00edstup rozpo\u010dt\u00e1\u0159\u016f ve stavebnictv\u00ed). Cena byt\u016f se dle&nbsp;stejn\u00e9ho p\u0159edpokladu odv\u00edj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b od podlahov\u00e9 plochy a&nbsp;ostatn\u00ed parametry jsou v tomto p\u0159\u00edstupu shodn\u00e9<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>. V kombinaci s polohou (je\u017e je odvisl\u00e1 prim\u00e1rn\u011b od ceny pozemku p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161\u00edc\u00edho k nemovitosti) jsou jednotkov\u00e9 ceny za m<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;plochy obydl\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b vypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed, a to jak mezi developery, tak i mezi kupuj\u00edc\u00edmi<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdznam lokality jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho parametru p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed nemovitost\u00ed byl potvrzen i p\u0159i dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed mezi des\u00edtkami dal\u0161\u00edch nemovitostn\u00edch expert\u016f (Domalewski, Baxa 2015). V nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech \u010ceska, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak v Praze, to vede k reziden\u010dn\u011b-soci\u00e1ln\u00ed segmentaci, kdy se v&nbsp;ur\u010dit\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech stav\u00ed byty jen ur\u010dit\u00e9ho standardu a mo\u017enost srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se t\u00edm omezuje v\u00fdhradn\u011b na cenov\u00fd parametr za m<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;podlahov\u00e9 plochy. U rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f, kdy obvykle sledovan\u00e1 cena za m<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;obestav\u011bn\u00e9 plochy naprosto nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 o celkov\u00e9 kvalit\u011b bydlen\u00ed, lze cenov\u00fd parametr vn\u00edmat jen jako statistick\u00fd, tedy um\u011ble udr\u017eovan\u00fd pro \u00fa\u010dely porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>. Takov\u00e9to zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed lze vn\u00edmat jako relikt minul\u00e9 doby, kdy cenov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi pou\u017eit\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly a komponenty obydl\u00ed nebyly v\u00fdrazn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Podstatnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed je v\u00fd\u0161e n\u00e1klad\u016f na&nbsp;provoz bydlen\u00ed. N\u00e1klady na bydlen\u00ed bu\u010f jednor\u00e1zov\u011b nebo pravideln\u011b sni\u017euj\u00ed disponibiln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmy dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed a tvo\u0159\u00ed jejich hlavn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st (viz&nbsp;Obr\u00e1zek 3).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"492\" height=\"740\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-999\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-13.jpg 492w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-13-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-13-50x75.jpg 50w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-13-480x722.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 492px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transak\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady tvo\u0159\u00ed nemalou \u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1klad\u016f na bydlen\u00ed. Prim\u00e1rn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1klady za zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed prodeje\/pron\u00e1jmu, pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se ve&nbsp;v\u00fd\u0161i 3 % z celkov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky za prodej nebo jednoho a\u017e dvou m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1jm\u016f v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pron\u00e1jmu. Vedle toho je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v potaz pr\u00e1vn\u00ed n\u00e1klady, katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed poplatky nebo n\u00e1klady na st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed movit\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed. N\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s financov\u00e1n\u00edm nemovitosti jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou n\u00e1klady nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9, kdy financuj\u00edc\u00ed subjekt tuto polo\u017eku zpravidla rozpou\u0161t\u00ed do sv\u00fdch poplatk\u016f spojen\u00fdch s veden\u00edm \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu nebo samotn\u00e9ho \u00faroku hypot\u00e9ky\/\u00fav\u011bru. V\u00fd\u0161e bankovn\u00edch poplatk\u016f a odm\u011bny za zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed financov\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161i \u00fav\u011bru, pota\u017emo po\u0159izovac\u00ed cen\u011b nemovitosti. K prodeji nemovitosti se v\u00e1\u017ee i povinnost \u00fahrady dan\u011b z nabyt\u00ed nemovitosti ve v\u00fd\u0161i 4 % z jej\u00ed hodnoty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bydlen\u00ed jako statek je z pohledu dan\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b \u0159azeno do sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 sazby dan\u011b z p\u0159idan\u00e9 hodnoty (DPH), i kdy\u017e sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 sazba se i u novostaveb a&nbsp;stavebn\u00edch prac\u00ed postupn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila z p\u016fvodn\u00edch 5 % na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch 15 %. Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u011b z p\u0159idan\u00e9 hodnoty m\u011blo v\u017edy skokov\u011b pozitivn\u00ed vliv na&nbsp;popt\u00e1vku po bydlen\u00ed. Dan\u00ed li\u0161\u00edc\u00ed se m\u00edstem p\u016fsoben\u00ed je da\u0148 z (dr\u017een\u00ed) nemovitosti. Z\u00e1kon stanovuje lok\u00e1ln\u00ed koeficienty, kter\u00e9 si ka\u017ed\u00e1 obec m\u016f\u017ee upravit podle sv\u00fdch pot\u0159eb. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed koeficient dan\u011b z nemovitosti roste \u00fam\u011brn\u011b s po\u010dtem obyvatel obce dle sedmi kategori\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed dan\u00ed vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k bydlen\u00ed je da\u0148 z nabyt\u00ed nemovit\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e odpov\u011bdnost ze zaplacen\u00ed t\u00e9to dan\u011b je na kupuj\u00edc\u00edm. Od roku 2014 je v\u00fd\u0161e t\u00e9to dan\u011b 4 % z ceny nemovitosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro zachycen\u00ed kvality soci\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit ukazatel dlouhodob\u00e9 nezam\u011bstnanosti. Po\u010det uchaze\u010d\u016f o jedno pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsto na \u00fa\u0159adu pr\u00e1ce v\u0161ak vypov\u00edd\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e o pracovn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed v regionu, ne\u017e o podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch bydlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Statistika stavebn\u00edch pozemk\u016f nerozd\u011bluje \u00fa\u010del vyu\u017eit\u00ed stavebn\u00edch pozemk\u016f, proto se lze jen domn\u00edvat, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina prodan\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch pozemk\u016f ve sledovan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 vyu\u017eit\u00ed pro bydlen\u00ed. Jako pomocn\u00fd ukazatel, kter\u00fd by mohl pomoci identifikovat atraktivn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed pro&nbsp;bydlen\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vedle cen nemovitost\u00ed tak\u00e9 po\u010det transakc\u00ed. V hodnocen\u00ed cenov\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f ekonomick\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1vat oba typy cen bydlen\u00ed, a to cenu kupn\u00ed a odhadn\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pro&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed je pou\u017eita cena kupn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro v\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed chyb\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ust\u00e1len\u00fd zp\u016fsob kalkulace celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f na bydlen\u00ed. Pokud by byl p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n rozd\u00edl ve&nbsp;v\u0161ech n\u00e1kladech za ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, mohlo by to zm\u011bnit i prostorov\u00fd vzorec nov\u00e9 v\u00fdstavby v \u010cesku. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by to podpo\u0159ilo r\u016fst \u0161etrn\u00e9ho stavebnictv\u00ed a udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 architektury. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem je p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f na bydlen\u00ed tak\u00e9 doprava a pot\u0159eba rekreace obyvatel, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed n\u00e1klady, je\u017e jsou s lokalizac\u00ed bydlen\u00ed pevn\u011b spojeny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.4 Pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instituce vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro bydl\u00edc\u00ed, m\u011bn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, normy nebo cel\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed sv\u00fdmi rozhodnut\u00edmi, proto se jim v r\u00e1mci hodnocen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed p\u0159i\u0159azuje v\u00fdznam samostatn\u00e9 slo\u017eky. P\u0159edpoklad ve v\u00fdzkumu pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed je takov\u00fd, \u017ee region\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly jsou ovlivn\u011bny strukturou moci, resp. vlivem instituc\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch na&nbsp;odli\u0161n\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dovostn\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch. Instituce lze kategorizovat na instituce ve\u0159ejn\u00e9, komer\u010dn\u00ed a ostatn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 s\u00eddlo m\u00e1 v z\u00e1vislosti na sv\u00e9 velikosti a v\u00fdznamu odli\u0161nou koncentraci, tedy i dostupnost ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a neve\u0159ejn\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed bydlen\u00ed zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed instituce svou p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed (bydl\u00edc\u00ed je vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch pravideln\u00fdch pot\u0159eb), a p\u016fsobnost\u00ed (bydl\u00edc\u00ed jsou jimi ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1ni p\u0159i v\u00fdstavb\u011b, \u00faprav\u00e1ch nebo provozu sv\u00fdch obydl\u00ed). Experti hodnotili p\u0159\u00edtomnost vybran\u00fdch instituc\u00ed jako d\u016fle\u017eitou. Nutno podotknout, \u017ee jim nemohl b\u00fdt p\u0159edlo\u017een k&nbsp;hodnocen\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed okruh institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch prvk\u016f vztahuj\u00edc\u00edch se k \u00fazemn\u00edmu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di k chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch firem, proto\u017ee je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat srovnateln\u00e1 data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed mezi experty bylo c\u00edlem zjistit, p\u0159\u00edtomnost jak\u00fdch instituc\u00ed m\u00e1 pro kvalitu bydlen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam. P\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fd v\u00fd\u010det neobsahoval instituce, kter\u00e9 nejsou ve spojitosti s u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm bydlen\u00ed pot\u0159eba (nap\u0159. ambas\u00e1dy, krajsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady, krajsk\u00e9 knihovny, soudy atd.) nebo kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slu\u017eby, pro n\u011b\u017e neexistuj\u00ed srovnateln\u00e1 data (nap\u0159. p\u0159\u00edtomnost po\u0161t, obchod\u016f s potravinami, restaurac\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch slu\u017eeb). P\u0159esto se zde nab\u00edz\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161e stoj\u00ed obec v hierarchick\u00e9 \u00farovni s\u00eddel, t\u00edm lep\u0161\u00ed m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eku kvality bydlen\u00ed v ot\u00e1zce p\u0159\u00edtomnosti instituc\u00ed. Musil a M\u00fcller (2008) pova\u017euj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u0161koly, po\u0161ty a zdravotnick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ob\u010danskou vybavenost obc\u00ed. Ve v\u00fdznamu p\u0159\u00edtomnosti dvou z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch instituc\u00ed se shoduj\u00ed i dot\u00e1zan\u00ed experti. P\u0159\u00edtomnost po\u0161ty nebyla zjistiteln\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm datab\u00e1z\u00ed \u010cS\u00da za jednotliv\u00e9 obce \u010ceska, a proto nemohla b\u00fdt ani expert\u016fm p\u0159edlo\u017eena k hodnocen\u00ed. Bernard (2012) pova\u017euje p\u0159\u00edtomnost mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly, ordinace l\u00e9ka\u0159e pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9 a pro d\u011bti, prodejny potravin, t\u011blocvi\u010dny, kulturn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b za faktory rozvinutosti venkovsk\u00fdch obc\u00ed. I&nbsp;zde m\u016f\u017eeme pozorovat shodu s hodnocen\u00edm expert\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed ukazatele, kter\u00e9 vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o kvalit\u011b bydlen\u00ed v obci, pat\u0159\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed vztah k bydlen\u00ed. Obyvatel\u00e9 \u010ceska dlouhodob\u011b preferuj\u00ed obydl\u00ed v osobn\u00edm vlastnictv\u00ed (Lux 2015) a jedn\u00e1 se z\u00e1rove\u0148 o nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed d\u016fvod. Obdobn\u011b mohou kvalitu bydlen\u00ed ovlivnit pr\u00e1va a n\u00e1roky t\u0159et\u00edch stran, a to bez ohledu na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed d\u016fvod u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obydl\u00ed. Jmenovit\u011b jde o v\u011bcn\u00e1 b\u0159emena, n\u00e1jmy \u010d\u00e1sti nemovitost\u00ed, pachty atd., kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed charakter u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a&nbsp;denn\u00ed \u017eivoty bydl\u00edc\u00edch. Tyto aspekty nelze srovn\u00e1vat na \u00farovni obc\u00ed nebo v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch region\u00e1ln\u00edch celk\u016f, proto\u017ee jde prim\u00e1rn\u011b o jevy spojen\u00e9 s&nbsp;jednotliv\u00fdmi pozemky nebo nemovitostmi, nicm\u00e9n\u011b m\u011bly by b\u00fdt br\u00e1ny v&nbsp;potaz p\u0159i procesu v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z ukazatel\u016f p\u016fsoben\u00ed instituc\u00ed nelze opomenout ukazatele porovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u016fsobnost obc\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad ukazatel ro\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstku obecn\u00edch byt\u016f, po\u010det stavebn\u00edch pozemk\u016f vymezen\u00fdch \u00fazemn\u00edm pl\u00e1nem k v\u00fdstavb\u011b rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00fd na po\u010det obyvatel nebo po\u010det vydan\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch povolen\u00ed bytov\u00fdch dom\u016f. P\u0159enesen\u011b mohou indikovat pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eku kvality bydlen\u00ed m\u00edry zadlu\u017eenosti obc\u00ed nebo m\u00edry regulace v\u00fdstavby. Pro hodnocen\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt vhodn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt idiografick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z dostupn\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f p\u0159\u00edtomnosti instituc\u00ed lze v\u0161ak na \u00farovni obc\u00ed hodnotit pouze kvantitu (po\u010det sledovan\u00fdch instituc\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00edch), nikoliv kvalitu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 pro bydl\u00edc\u00ed obyvatele mnohdy v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.5 Soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eka kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samotn\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed je komplikovan\u00e9 a dosud bylo p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u00fdzkumu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed s\u00eddel (Ou\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek 2003, S\u00fdkora 1996) a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu (Pile\u010dek 2010). Pot\u0159eba v\u00fdzkumu soci\u00e1ln\u00edch charakteristik s\u00eddel odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zm\u011bny v postindustri\u00e1ln\u00ed etap\u011b v\u00fdvoje spole\u010dnosti a v d\u016fsledku toho rostouc\u00ed na propojen\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed geografie se sociologi\u00ed (\u0160pa\u010dkov\u00e1, Ou\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek, Susov\u00e1 2012). Podle Chrom\u00e9ho a kol. (2011) jsou vnit\u0159n\u00ed sociokulturn\u00ed faktory nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159i rozvoji venkovsk\u00fdch obc\u00ed vedle vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b politicko-ekonomick\u00fdch, n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Zejm\u00e9na aktivita, schopnost spolupr\u00e1ce a vztah lid\u00ed k obci jsou pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost obc\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. Institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed teorie region\u00e1ln\u00edho rozvoje potvrzuj\u00ed v\u00fdznam sociokulturn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed jako podstatn\u00e9ho vnit\u0159n\u00edho zdroje region\u016f (Bla\u017eek 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fdkora uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nerovnosti obyvatel jsou \u201evn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako nespravedliv\u00e9, p\u0159itom soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed rozd\u00edly jsou p\u0159irozenou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti\u201c (S\u00fdkora 2010). Reziden\u010dn\u00ed diferenciace se v d\u016fsledku toho st\u00e1v\u00e1 odrazem preferenc\u00ed a mo\u017enost\u00ed obyvatel. Nakolik se jedn\u00e1 o jev dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se cel\u00fdch s\u00eddel nebo jen jejich \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mnoha aspektech, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak na popula\u010dn\u00ed velikosti s\u00eddla a m\u00ed\u0159e solidarity obyvatel i&nbsp;jejich elit\/reprezentac\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu vystupuje do pop\u0159ed\u00ed participace obyvatel a m\u00edra jejich zapojen\u00ed do komunitn\u00edho \u017eivota. Schucksmith (2000) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou na venkov\u011b orientov\u00e1ni p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na kontrolu nam\u00edsto participace. To odpov\u00edd\u00e1 odli\u0161nostem v m\u00ed\u0159e participace obyvatel v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rozvoje komunitn\u00edch aktivit \u010di protest\u016fm a&nbsp;ochran\u011b pr\u00e1v v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b eskalace probl\u00e9m\u016f. Perl\u00edn, Ku\u010derov\u00e1 a Ku\u010dera (2010) hodnot\u00ed socio-kulturn\u00ed charakteristiky obc\u00ed pomoc\u00ed pod\u00edlu rod\u00e1k\u016f, indexu vzd\u011blanosti, indexu st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a m\u00edru spole\u010densk\u00e9 aktivity prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ukazatel\u016f \u00fa\u010dasti v komun\u00e1ln\u00edch volb\u00e1ch a po\u010dtu kandid\u00e1t\u016f. Havl\u00ed\u010dek (2007) pro hodnocen\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu pou\u017eil po\u010det hasi\u010dsk\u00fdch z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch sbor\u016f, resp. dobrovoln\u00fdch hasi\u010d\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch kulturn\u00edch a sportovn\u00edch spolk\u016f, v\u00fdznam participace a region\u00e1ln\u00ed identity na kvalitu \u017eivota popisuje i Hude\u010dkov\u00e1 a Pitterling (2009). Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prvky t\u00e9to slo\u017eky m\u016f\u017eeme souhrnn\u011b definovat jako soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed charakteristiky obce, tedy soun\u00e1le\u017eitost, region\u00e1ln\u00ed identitu obyvatel obce; soci\u00e1ln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l, kooperaci a komunitn\u00ed \u017eivot obce a bl\u00edzkost rodiny, p\u0159\u00e1tel (soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b). I&nbsp;s&nbsp;v\u011bdom\u00edm toho, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 o atributy p\u0159\u00edmo spojen\u00e9 s obydl\u00edmi, lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat jejich v\u00fdznam pro kvalitu bydlen\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee mezi sledovan\u00fdmi ukazateli kvality bydlen\u00ed je soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00edch nejm\u00e9n\u011b (respondenti vybrali jen dva, a to index kriminality a p\u0159irozen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstek), nelze je pova\u017eovat za m\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vybran\u00e9 ukazatele soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed nemohou postihnout d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd faktor rozvoje region\u016f, jako je soci\u00e1ln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l (Stachov\u00e1, \u010cerm\u00e1k, Bernard 2009), je\u0161t\u011b t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed je sledovat m\u00edru soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti obyvatel s \u00fazem\u00edm \u010di m\u00edru region\u00e1ln\u00ed identity. V\u00fdb\u011br ukazatel\u016f se v t\u00e9to stati redukuje na z\u00e1stupn\u00e9 ukazatele, kter\u00e9 identifikuj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed parametry celkov\u00e9ho soci\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatu v s\u00eddle. Kultura se v n\u00e1zvu slo\u017eky neobjevuje n\u00e1hodn\u011b, by\u0165 nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9to slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed jedin\u00fd \u201ekulturn\u00ed\u201c ukazatel. Absence ukazatel\u016f kulturn\u00edho \u017eivota obc\u00ed vypov\u00edd\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e o slo\u017eitosti hodnocen\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eky na \u00farovni obc\u00ed, kdy neexistuje evidence po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kulturn\u00edch akc\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00edch, d\u00e1le o&nbsp;fungov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch spolk\u016f a nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u00edn\u011bnou evidenci p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b aproximovat. Obvykle se kulturn\u00ed \u017eivot s\u00eddla hodnot\u00ed formou intenzivn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu (Jan\u010d\u00e1k a kol. 2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed posouzen\u00ed kriminality spojen\u00e9 s bydlen\u00edm byl jako alternativn\u00ed ukazatel pou\u017eit po\u010det vloup\u00e1n\u00ed do byt\u016f a rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00fd na&nbsp;1 000 obyvatel. S ohledem na po\u010dty krimin\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010din\u016f v n\u011bkter\u00fdch okresech by v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tohoto ukazatele bylo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00edcelet\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011bry. Obdobn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00edcelet\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f u p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstku by l\u00e9pe vypov\u00eddalo o demografick\u00e9m chov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 indexy slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b odpov\u011bd\u00ed respondent\u016f a diskuze ukazatel\u016f zahrnut\u00fdch do&nbsp;anal\u00fdzy byly pro jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017eky kvality bydlen\u00ed zkonstruov\u00e1ny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed indexy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Technick\u00e1 slo\u017eka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"338\" height=\"49\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1001\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-12.jpg 338w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-12-300x43.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-12-150x22.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 338px, 338px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polohov\u00e1 slo\u017eka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"348\" height=\"37\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-10.jpg 348w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-10-300x32.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-10-150x16.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 348px, 348px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekonomick\u00e1 slo\u017eka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"244\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1009\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-10.jpg 244w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-10-150x34.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 244px, 244px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"429\" height=\"37\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-8.jpg 429w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-8-300x26.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-8-150x13.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 429px, 429px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed slo\u017eka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"114\" height=\"44\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/9-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1013\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jednotliv\u00e9 ukazatele, kter\u00e9 byly ke konstrukci index\u016f u\u017eity, jsou shrnuty v&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed Tabulce 2.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-4.jpg 497w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-4-300x255.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-4-88x75.jpg 88w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-4-480x408.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 497px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"511\" height=\"519\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/11-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1017\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/11-3.jpg 511w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/11-3-295x300.jpg 295w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/11-3-74x75.jpg 74w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/11-3-480x488.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 511px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdb\u011br bydlen\u00ed se s ohledem na po\u010det mo\u017en\u00fdch aspekt\u016f, je\u017e v\u00fdb\u011br ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed, zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt komplikovan\u00fdm procesem, kter\u00fdm v\u0161ak ve skute\u010dnosti nen\u00ed. V&nbsp;\u010cesku se jedn\u00e1 \u010dasto o neopakovatelnou volbu, v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b bez opory v&nbsp;anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch odborn\u00edk\u016f. Dosud se v\u00fdzkumy reziden\u010dn\u00edch, s\u00eddeln\u00edch a region\u00e1ln\u00edch preferenc\u00ed sna\u017eily nal\u00e9zt odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, kde cht\u011bj\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 bydlet (pota\u017emo \u017e\u00edt a pracovat) a pochopit t\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00ed migra\u010dn\u00ed tendence. Bez pochopen\u00ed, ut\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed a diskuze d\u016fvod\u016f preferenc\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkum\u016f reziden\u010dn\u00edch preferenc\u00ed ne\u00fapln\u00e9. P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed by m\u011bla hr\u00e1t roli i jeho kvalita. Mimo jin\u00e9 proto, \u017ee kvalita bydlen\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje i&nbsp;celkovou kvalitu \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalita bydlen\u00ed shrnuje podm\u00ednky s\u00eddel pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 jednak ve f\u00e1zi v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed, a d\u00e1le ve f\u00e1zi u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bydlen\u00ed. I p\u0159es ve\u0161kerou snahu o objektivizaci ukazatel\u016f kvality bydlen\u00ed nelze opom\u00edjet individu\u00e1ln\u00ed charakteristiky, situace, preference nebo mo\u017enosti obyvatel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kvalita bydlen\u00ed se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z p\u011bti slo\u017eek: technick\u00e9, polohov\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9, pr\u00e1vn\u011b-institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u011b-kulturn\u00ed, jejich\u017e \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 posloupnosti od materi\u00e1ln\u00edch (hmotn\u00fdch) a\u017e po vjemov\u00e9\/pocitov\u00e9 (nehmotn\u00e9), stejn\u011b tak hodnocen\u00ed od jednoduch\u00fdch element\u00e1rn\u00edch charakteristik obydl\u00ed a\u017e po hodnocen\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch aspekt\u016f prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci byly definov\u00e1ny podskupiny slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed. Podskupiny jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bylo vhodn\u00e9 v&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu hodnotit samostatn\u011b, a to nejen z d\u016fvodu dostupnosti dat, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z pohledu vhodnosti odli\u0161n\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f hodnocen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 podskupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159\u00ednos v\u00fdzkumu kvality bydlen\u00ed je v tom, \u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u011bti slo\u017eek a jejich podskupin mo\u017enost hodnocen\u00ed objektivn\u00edch i subjektivn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f. Subjektivn\u00ed kvalita bydlen\u00ed je podle proveden\u00fdch pr\u016fzkum\u016f spokojenosti s bydlen\u00edm v \u010cesku v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b dobr\u00e1, nebo\u0165 70 % respondent\u016f \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed \u201ePostoje k bydlen\u00ed 2013\u201c pova\u017eovalo sv\u00e9 bydlen\u00ed za ide\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dosavadn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed charakteristik bydlen\u00ed \u010ceska prob\u00edhalo v \u00farovni kraj\u016f nebo okres\u016f (nap\u0159. Lux, Kuda 2008, Kuda, Lux 2010), co\u017e bu\u010f p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo vnit\u0159n\u00ed homogenitu t\u011bchto \u00fazemn\u00edch jednotek, nebo pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum nap\u0159\u00edklad v \u00farovni obc\u00ed nebyla dostupn\u00e1 data. Hodnocen\u00ed kvality bydlen\u00ed na \u00farovni obc\u00ed by tedy m\u011blo b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm krokem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seznam pou\u017eit\u00e9 literatury<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ATKINSON, R., JACOBS, K. (2016) House, Home and Society. London: Palgrave Macmillian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BAXA, J. (2010) Kvalita bydlen\u00ed jako sou\u010d\u00e1st kvality \u017eivota \u2013 obecn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, pojmy a mo\u017enosti v\u00fdzkumu. In: Geografie pro \u017eivot ve 21. stolet\u00ed: Sborn\u00edk p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f z XXII. sjezdu \u010cesk\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti po\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho Ostravskou univerzitou v Ostrav\u011b 31. srpna \u2013 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2010. Ostrava: Ostravsk\u00e1 univerzita v Ostrav\u011b, 474\u2013478.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BAXA, J., CHROM\u00dd, P. (2015) Percepce kvality bydlen\u00ed a jej\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed diferenciace v Libereck\u00e9m kraji na po\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed. ACC JOURNAL, 21(3), 106\u2013124.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BERNARD, J. (2012) Spatial Patterns in the Development of Czechia\u2019s Rural Municipalities. Geografie \u2013 Sborn\u00edk \u010cGS, 117(1), 72\u201394.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BLA\u017dEK, J. (2012) Region\u00e1ln\u00ed inova\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed produk\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b: dvoj\u00ed optika na zdroje konkurenceschopnosti v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Geografie \u2013 Sborn\u00edk \u010cGS, 117(2), 209\u2013233.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; COSTANZA, R. a kol. (2008) An integrative approach to quality of life measurement, research, and policy. SAPIENS, 1(1), 11\u201315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u010cERM\u00c1K, Z. (2005) Migrace a suburbaniza\u010dn\u00ed procesy v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Demografie, 47(3), 169\u2013176.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u010cS\u00da (2015) Ceny sledovan\u00fdch druh\u016f nemovitost\u00ed 2012\u20132014 [online]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.czso.cz\/csu\/czso\/ceny-sledovanych-druhu-nemovitosti, [cit. 5. 4. 2016].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u010cS\u00da (2016) Datab\u00e1ze demografick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f za obce \u010cR [online]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.czso.cz\/csu\/czso\/databaze-demografickych-udaju-za-obce-cr, [cit. 20. 5. 2016].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[10]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DOMALEWSKI, P., BAXA J. (2015) The development of regional differentiation of office construction in the Czech Republic: 1990\u20132010. Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(1), 21\u201333.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[11]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EDIN, P. A., ENGLUND, P. (1991) Moving costs and housing demand: Are recent movers really in equilibrium? Journal of Public Economics, 44(3), 299\u2013320.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[12]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; FE\u0158TROV\u00c1, M., \u0160PA\u010cKOV\u00c1, P., OU\u0158EDN\u00cd\u010cEK, M. (2013) Anal\u00fdza akt\u00e9r\u016f a probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch aspekt\u016f rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00fazem\u00edm v&nbsp;suburb\u00e1nn\u00edch obc\u00edch. In Ou\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek, M., \u0160pa\u010dkov\u00e1, P., Nov\u00e1k, J. Sub Urbs: krajina, s\u00eddla a lid\u00e9, Praha: Academia, 234\u2013256.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GREGORY, D. a kol. (2009) The Dictionary of Human Geography. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, T. (2007) Region\u00e1ln\u00ed diferenciace lidsk\u00e9ho a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu ve venkovsk\u00fdch perifern\u00edch oblastech \u010ceska. In: Agr\u00e1rn\u00ed perspektivy XVI. Evropsk\u00e9 trendy v rozvoji zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a venkova. Sborn\u00edk prac\u00ed z&nbsp;mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 konference. Praha, \u010cZU, 861\u2013871.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HE\u0158MANOV\u00c1, E. (2012) Kvalita \u017eivota a jej\u00ed modely v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m soci\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu. Sociologia \u2013 Slovak Sociological Review, 4, 478\u2013496.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[16]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HOR\u00c1K J. a kol. (2006) Mo\u017enosti anal\u00fdzy a hodnocen\u00ed dopravn\u00ed dostupnosti [online]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: http:\/\/gis.vsb.cz\/pan-old\/Skoleni_Texty\/<br>PrikladyCviceni\/DOSTUP.pdf, [cit. 15. 11. 2015].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HUDE\u010cKOV\u00c1, H., PITTERLING, M. (2009) Integration and independence in the perspective of rural municipalities. Agric. Econ. \u2013 Czech, 55(12), 596\u2013604.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CHROM\u00dd, P., JAN\u010c\u00c1K, V., MARADA, M., HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, T. 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D\u016fsledky region\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f v dostupnosti bydlen\u00ed. Praha: Professional Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[22]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KUPISZEWSKI, M., DRBOHLAV, D., DRUHAM, H., RESS, P. (1999) Vnit\u0159n\u00ed migrace region\u00e1ln\u00ed popula\u010dn\u00ed dynamika \u2013 \u010cesk\u00e1 republika na pozad\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch trend\u016f. Geografie \u2013 Sborn\u00edk \u010cGS, 104(2), 89\u2013105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[23]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LITMAN, T. (2015) Understanding smart growth savings. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. [online] Dostupn\u00e9 z: www.vtpi.org\/sg_save.pdf., [cit. 10. 4. 2016].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[24]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L\u00d6W, J., NOV\u00c1K, J. (2008) Typologie \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed krajin \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. 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(1996) Transformace fyzick\u00e9ho a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Prahy. In Hampl, M. a kol. Geografick\u00e1 organizace spole\u010dnosti a transforma\u010dn\u00ed procesy v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Praha: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta University Karlovy. 361\u2013394.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[43]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S\u00ddKORA, L. (2010) Reziden\u010dn\u00ed segregace. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v&nbsp;Praze, P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Centrum pro v\u00fdzkum m\u011bst a region\u016f a&nbsp;Ministerstvo pro m\u00edstn\u00ed rozvoj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[44]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SZ\u00c9KELY, V. (2006) Changes of population in Slovak boundary regions, 1961\u20132001. Geopolitical Studies, 14, 463\u2013475.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[45]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0160PA\u010cKOV\u00c1, P., OU\u0158EDN\u00cd\u010cEK, M., SUSOV\u00c1, K. (2012) Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed klima v suburbiu: p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie obce Jesenice u Prahy. In Ou\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek, M., Temelov\u00e1, J. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed prom\u011bny pra\u017esk\u00fdch \u010dtvrt\u00ed. Praha: Academia, 179\u2013205.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[46]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0160PALKOV\u00c1, D. (2006) Role st\u00e1tu v bytov\u00e9 politice. In Pol\u00e1kov\u00e1 a kol. Bydlen\u00ed a bytov\u00e1 politika. Praha: Ekopress, 27\u201348.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[47]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0160TEF\u00c1NKOV\u00c1, M., DRBOHLAV, D. (2014) \u201eZlat\u00e1 Praha\u201c \u201eZasl\u00edben\u00fd Jih\u201c a to ostatn\u00ed\u2026? Region\u00e1ln\u00ed a s\u00eddeln\u00ed preference obyvatelstva \u010ceska. 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Dostupn\u00e9 z: http:\/\/www.worldgbc.<br>org\/activities\/health-wellbeing-productivity-offices\/, [cit. 20. 2. 2016].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp; Byli to tito experti z&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch obor\u016f: Leo\u0161 Anderle, Ren\u00e1ta Kodadov\u00e1, Petra Madarov\u00e1, Alois Vyleta (develope\u0159i), Michaela Plhalov\u00e1 (oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed), Andrea \u010cechurov\u00e1, Ond\u0159ej Novotn\u00fd (poradenstv\u00ed), Tom\u00e1\u0161 Kosteleck\u00fd a Olga Pol\u00e1kov\u00e1 (v\u011bda).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp; Respondenti mohli ka\u017ed\u00e9mu ukazateli p\u0159id\u011blit podle d\u016fle\u017eitosti 1\u20135 bod\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e 1=nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a 5=nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eitost ukazatele p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru bydlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp; V\u0161echny hodnocen\u00e9 ukazatele jsou jmenov\u00e1ny v&nbsp;tabulce v&nbsp;P\u0159\u00edloze 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp; Za ukazatel star\u00e9 ekologick\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee p\u0159estala b\u00fdt dostupn\u00e1 data v \u00farovni obc\u00ed, proto jej nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zahrnout do hodnocen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp; Odpov\u00edd\u00e1 i t\u0159em z&nbsp;p\u011bti pou\u017eit\u00fdch slo\u017eek kvality bydlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>&nbsp; Nav\u00edc v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byt\u016f nen\u00ed tak velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi obytnou a celkovou plochou jako u&nbsp;rodinn\u00fdch dom\u016f \u2013 ve&nbsp;sledov\u00e1n\u00ed cen se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 celkov\u00e1 podlahov\u00e1 plocha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp; Uvedl jeden z&nbsp;expert\u016f z&nbsp;\u0159ad developer\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/kvalita-bydleni\/#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp; V&nbsp;komer\u010dn\u00ed praxi nen\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd a i pro bydl\u00edc\u00edho je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si pod ur\u010ditou jednotkovou cenou p\u0159edstavit standard rodinn\u00e9ho domu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Choice of housing is one of the most important decisions of inhabitants. On the one hand, the importance of the choice of housing is conditional by low willingness of the Czech inhabitants to move and on the other hand, it is amplified by the high purchase price, which usually means the greatest investment in life of households. Thus, people consider many aspects during the choice of housing. The place of future residence is one of the most important of them.<\/p>\n<p>Housing research is a relatively new topic in geography. Even though systematic research on housing and quality of housing in Czechia takes place more intensively (in the social sciences, for more than two decades), there were not performed territorial differentiation of the quality of housing assessment and comparison of municipalities according to suitability for. The concept of quality of housing has appeared almost exclusively in connection with the dwelling yet, the basic unit of housing. Housing permeates all basic areas of human and social life. Therefore the evaluation of the quality of housing should consider more approaches to housing and components of housing quality: technical, positional, economic, legal-institutional, socio-cultural.<\/p>\n<p>The theoretical approaches of different disciplines to housing and residential preferences are primarily discussed in this paper. The key approaches were drawn from the newly formed housing geography. The paper contributes to sorting out of the attributes which determine the choice of housing (or should determine) at the methodological level. Experts on housing in the Czechia were addressed among consultants, developers and academics. They helped to sort the attributes according to its importance.<\/p>\n<p>The aim of the paper is to draft the methodology for the comprehensive assessment of quality of housing. The emphasis is on indicators, sources, quality of data and methods of evaluation, which can be used in the assessment of the quality of housing. Based on the experts\u00b4 investigation it was found out that the most important attributes for the choice of housing are housing price, the presence of medical doctors and schools in the municipality, crime, environment and transport accessibility.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1512"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1514,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1512\/revisions\/1514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}