{"id":1534,"date":"2023-08-30T17:59:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T15:59:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/uncategorized\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/"},"modified":"2023-09-18T09:20:58","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T07:20:58","slug":"an-use-of-q-methodology-for-construction-of-own-measuring-tool","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/articles\/an-use-of-q-methodology-for-construction-of-own-measuring-tool\/","title":{"rendered":"An Use of Q Methodology for Construction of Own Measuring Tool"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstrakt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sta\u0165 ukazuje, jak lze vyu\u017e\u00edt Q metodu pro konstrukci vlastn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Q metoda je komplexn\u00ed technika sb\u011bru a anal\u00fdzy dat, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed o co nejobjektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed subjektivn\u00edch pohled\u016f na vybran\u00fd objekt. Konstrukce vlastn\u00edho n\u00e1stroje pak je velmi podrobn\u011b demonstrov\u00e1na na&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edkladu v\u00fdzkumu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me soubor 48 v\u00fdrok\u016f p\u0159evzat\u00fdch z denn\u00edho tisku z let 2010\u20132013, v\u00fdb\u011br byl zalo\u017een na&nbsp;vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch slov a diskus\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu. V\u00fdroky se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed, ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a m\u00edst \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin a v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f, polovina v\u00fdrok\u016f nese n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou interpretaci, polovina d\u016fsledn\u011b ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou. Tento soubor v\u00fdrok\u016f hodnotilo 46 participant\u016f vybran\u00fdch \u00fasudkem, z jejich hodnocen\u00ed jsme extrahovali dva pohledy na roli n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch a pro ka\u017ed\u00fd pohled jsme zkonstruovali jednu Likertovu \u0161k\u00e1lu. Vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly jsme pou\u017eili v r\u00e1mci reprezentativn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, kde bylo v prvn\u00edm kole dot\u00e1z\u00e1no 1004 respondent\u016f a&nbsp;ve druh\u00e9m 311 rodi\u010d\u016f nebo d\u011bt\u00ed respondent\u016f z prvn\u00edho kola. Do prvn\u00edho kola byli respondenti vyb\u00edr\u00e1ni pomoc\u00ed stratifikovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e strata byla definov\u00e1na na z\u00e1klad\u011b kraje a&nbsp;velikosti m\u00edsta bydli\u0161t\u011b. Ve druh\u00e9m kole byly osloveny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny kontakty z\u00edskan\u00e9 v prvn\u00edm kole. Na&nbsp;v\u00fdsledc\u00edch z tohoto \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed prakticky demonstrujeme, \u017ee \u0161k\u00e1ly zkonstruovan\u00e9 d\u00edky Q metod\u011b n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed postihnout mezigenera\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj jednotliv\u00fdch pohled\u016f, ale neumo\u017en\u00ed n\u00e1m zm\u011b\u0159it, kter\u00fd pohled je ve&nbsp;zkouman\u00e9 populaci v\u00edce zastoupen\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The paper shows how to use the Q methodology for constructing own measuring tools. The Q methodology is complex technique of data collection and analysis for the most objective researching of subjectivities. We demonstrate the construction of our own measuring tool on example of religious collective memory in close detail. We use set of 48 sentences taken from daily press from years 2010\u20132013, the selection of sentences is based on a key-word search and discussions of the research team. These sentences involve important Czech historical persons, events, places and&nbsp;holidays; one half of sentences reflects religious interpretation, and&nbsp;the other half is strictly non-religious. The set is rated by 46 participants sampled intentionally. We use their ratings for an extraction of&nbsp;two subjectivities and we construct a Likert scale for each subjectivity. We use scales for a survey questionnaire. We administer the survey in&nbsp;two rounds, in the first round we ask a random sample of 1004 respondents and in the second round we ask a sample of 311 children or&nbsp;parents of respondents from the first round. We select respondents for&nbsp;the first round by random stratified sampling, strata are based on&nbsp;the&nbsp;region and size of settlement of residence. In the second round, we address almost all contacts received in the first round. Our survey results showed that the constructed scales allowed us the comparison of&nbsp;generations, but it was not possible to tell which subjectivity was the&nbsp;most dominant in the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Q metoda; v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed; Likertova \u0161k\u00e1la; n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Q methodology; survey; Likert scaling; religious collective memory<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Podpo\u0159eno grantem:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00e1ce na t\u00e9to stati, v\u010detn\u011b sb\u011bru pou\u017eit\u00fdch dat, byla podpo\u0159ena grantem GA \u010cR \u201eKontinuita a diskontinuity v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pam\u011bti v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice\u201c reg. \u010d. 14-01948S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi nemus\u00edme m\u00edt za \u00fakol pouze zhodnocen\u00ed objektivn\u00edch indik\u00e1tor\u016f \u2013 na\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 b\u00fdt, co nejl\u00e9pe uchopit subjektivn\u00ed pohledy na probl\u00e9m, stav zkouman\u00e9 organizace, zna\u010dku, dota\u010dn\u00ed program \u010di jak\u00fdkoli dal\u0161\u00ed objekt na\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu. Pro \u00fa\u010dely co&nbsp;mo\u017en\u00e1 nejobjektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed subjektivn\u00edch pohled\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro jejich typologii, byla vyvinuta Q metoda. V letech 1935 a 1936 ji odborn\u00e9mu publiku p\u0159edstavil s\u00e9ri\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v respektovan\u00fdch \u010dasopisech britsk\u00fd psycholog William Stephenson [1935a, 1935b, 1936a, 1936b, 1936c]. Ilustrativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady Q metody v t\u011bchto \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed velmi pestrou paletu t\u00e9mat, jsou to: obliba barev, obliba historick\u00fdch v\u00e1z, p\u0159\u00edjemnost v\u016fn\u00ed, n\u00e1lady jako osobnostn\u00ed charakteristika a fyzick\u00e9 vlastnosti osob.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Q metoda p\u0159edstavuje n\u011bkolik v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch krok\u016f. Nejprve n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 ze sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho diskursu vybrat vhodn\u00e9 v\u00fdroky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed popisy zkouman\u00e9ho objektu \u010di vztahu k n\u011bmu. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 vybrat sadu objekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 budou subjektivn\u011b hodnoceny. V\u00fdroky, nebo objekty pak hodnot\u00ed skupina posuzovatel\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je p\u0159i&nbsp;hodnocen\u00ed nucen\u00e1 dodr\u017eet p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed. Z takov\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed se pak daj\u00ed vyvodit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed typy komplexn\u00edch pohled\u016f na vybranou sadu v\u00fdrok\u016f, \u010di objekt\u016f a tak\u00e9 se d\u00e1 ur\u010dit, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdroky, nebo objekty jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 a pom\u011brn\u011b spolehliv\u011b \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed typy pohled\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Q metoda je synt\u00e9zou kvalitativn\u00edho a kvantitativn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu, z \u010deho\u017e plynou i jej\u00ed siln\u00e9 a slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. Nen\u00ed to izolovan\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, p\u0159edstavuje ucelen\u00fd a propojen\u00fd komplex zp\u016fsobu sb\u011bru a anal\u00fdzy dat [Nekola 2012]. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ednost\u00ed je z\u0159ejm\u011b mo\u017enost uchopit a typologizovat subjektivn\u00ed pohledy na probl\u00e9m, organizaci, zna\u010dku atp., a to rigor\u00f3zn\u00edm a opakovateln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem [McKeown, Thomas 2013]. P\u0159itom metoda umo\u017e\u0148uje tak\u00e9 zjistit, v \u010dem se nalezen\u00e9 pohledy li\u0161\u00ed a v \u010dem se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed [Nekola 2012]. Tato metoda umo\u017e\u0148uje replikovateln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem sebrat a vyhodnotit bohat\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed dat i o mal\u00e9 populaci (nap\u0159. zam\u011bstnanci jedn\u00e9 mal\u00e9 firmy). Q metoda nut\u00ed participanty v\u00edce prom\u00fd\u0161let odpov\u011bdi t\u00edm, \u017ee se tito mus\u00ed p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed dr\u017eet p\u0159edepsan\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e se d\u00e1 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee jsou jejich odpov\u011bdi bl\u00edzko jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9mu postoji [ibid.]. Q metoda je tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1na za vhodn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro tvorbu Likertov\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l [Havl\u00edkov\u00e1 2016].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slabinu Q metody pova\u017eujeme fakt, \u017ee byla vyvinuta pro&nbsp;zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed bohat\u00fdch dat o subjektivit\u011b men\u0161\u00ed skupiny jedinc\u016f \u2013 pokud ji pou\u017eijeme pro jin\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, \u010del\u00edme \u0159ad\u011b probl\u00e9m\u016f. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou slabinou realizace Q metody je spr\u00e1vn\u011b sestaven\u00e1 sada v\u00fdrok\u016f \u010di objekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 budou participanti hodnotit a vyjad\u0159ovat tak svou subjektivitu \u2013 \u0161patn\u011b zvolen\u00e1 sada neumo\u017en\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it subjektivitu [Nekola 2012; Havl\u00edkov\u00e1 2016]. \u010casto tak\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1sadn\u00edmu nepochopen\u00ed podstaty Q metody, kdy\u017e od n\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me reprezentativn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky pro&nbsp;celou populaci. Tato metoda dok\u00e1\u017ee spolehliv\u011b extrahovat sd\u00edlen\u00e9 pohledy ji\u017e na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzorku n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek jedinc\u016f, ale nen\u00ed schopn\u00e1 ur\u010dit pom\u011brn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed t\u011bchto pohled\u016f v cel\u00e9 populaci [ibid.]. Kone\u010dn\u011b, Q metoda je \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 [Havl\u00edkov\u00e1 2016], a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve f\u00e1zi sb\u011bru dat \u2013 p\u0159ipravit dotazovac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edprava b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho dotazn\u00edku, podobn\u011b je pro participanty n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed samotn\u00e9 dotazov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se Q metoda roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila daleko za hranice psychologie, kde vznikla, a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru t\u00e9mat. Nap\u0159. Charles H. Davis a Carolyn Michelle [2011] pou\u017eili Q metodu pro anal\u00fdzu filmov\u00fdch publik, Brendy A. Kennedy [2013] pro typologii \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f vzhledem k tomu jak vn\u00edmaj\u00ed svou roli v zastupitelsk\u00e9 demokracii, Emma Logo [2013] pro v\u011bdom\u00ed dopadu dopravy na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, Eun-Ho Ha [2017] pro status profese zdravotn\u00edch sester, Sofie Wouters s kolegy [2017] pro postoje ve\u0159ejnosti k nastaven\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o osoby v termin\u00e1ln\u00edm st\u00e1diu nemoci a Jasper Katomero s kolegy [2017] pro&nbsp;identifikaci postoj\u016f poslanc\u016f parlamentu v Tanzanii ke konceptu vykazatelnosti. Bylo by mo\u017en\u00e9 uv\u00e9st mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch sou\u010dasn\u00fdch a tak\u00e9 star\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pestrost t\u00e9mat ilustruje i vyu\u017eit\u00ed metody v \u010cesk\u00e9 Republice, kde je metoda vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na nej\u010dast\u011bji (ale nikoli exklusivn\u011b) v oblasti pedagogick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu. Pou\u017eili ji nap\u0159. Jitka Krop\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 [2005] pro typologii p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f u\u010ditel\u016f k \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm v dvojjazy\u010dn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, Kate\u0159ina Homolov\u00e1 [2007] pro anal\u00fdzu podobnosti postoj\u016f ke \u010dten\u00ed mezi u\u010diteli a \u017e\u00e1ky 7. a 8. t\u0159\u00edd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly, Luk\u00e1\u0161 Zagata [2010] pro anal\u00fdzu postoj\u016f \u010desk\u00fdch ekologick\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f, Martin Nekola [2012] pro typologii postoj\u016f akt\u00e9r\u016f drogov\u00e9 politiky k t\u00e9to politice, Jarmila Honz\u00edkov\u00e1 a Jan Janovec [2012] pro hodnocen\u00ed metod a forem v\u00fduky psychomotorick\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed, Josef Navr\u00e1til s kolektivem [2013] pro hodnocen\u00ed turistick\u00e9 atraktivity m\u00edst, Jaroslav Vala [2014] pro preferenci poezie, Stanislav Mokr\u00fd a Ond\u0159ej Dufek [2014] pro segmentaci turist\u016f, Ji\u0159\u00ed Dost\u00e1l [2015] pro obecn\u00fd model pedagogick\u00fdch kompetenc\u00ed, Jan Kubrick\u00fd a Pavl\u00edna \u010c\u00e1stkov\u00e1 [2015] pro typologii pedagogick\u00fdch kompetenc\u00ed ohledn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek ve v\u00fduce, Jana Mato\u0161kov\u00e1 s kolektivem [2016] pro tvorbu n\u00e1stroje na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tacitn\u00edch znalost\u00ed a tvorbu typologie strategi\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho studia a Michaela Havl\u00edkov\u00e1 [2016] pro vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed filmov\u00e9ho festivalu hostitelskou populac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V dal\u0161\u00edm textu \u010dl\u00e1nku se ji\u017e nebudeme v\u011bnovat p\u0159ehledu oblast\u00ed a t\u00e9mat, kde je Q metoda vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na \u2013 kvalitn\u00ed a podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehledov\u00e1 kapitola nen\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brem \u010dl\u00e1nku a p\u0159esahuje skromn\u00e9 schopnosti a zku\u0161enosti autora. Z\u00e1m\u011brem je pouk\u00e1zat na potenci\u00e1l Q metody pro evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxi a&nbsp;p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sd\u00edlet nabyt\u00e9 znalosti o t\u00e9to metod\u011b a zku\u0161enosti z jej\u00ed praktick\u00e9 aplikace. V p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9m textu si tedy v prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Q metodu obecn\u011b p\u0159edstav\u00edme, v\u010detn\u011b jej\u00edch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch princip\u016f a jednotliv\u00fdch krok\u016f jej\u00ed aplikace. Rozebereme tak\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, jak v\u00fdstupy z Q metody vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, jak pomoc\u00ed Q metody vyvinout vlastn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje. V druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti budeme pou\u017eit\u00ed Q metody demonstrovat na v\u00fdvoji m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1stroje pro v\u00fdzkum n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti. Budou podrobn\u011b vysv\u011btleny jednotliv\u00e9 kroky a d\u016fsledky jednotliv\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed. Pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e tak bude snadn\u00e9 p\u0159edstaven\u00fd postup aplikovat na vlastn\u00ed probl\u00e9m z evalua\u010dn\u00ed praxe. Z demonstrace postupu v druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti bude tak\u00e9 patrn\u00e9, jak\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti n\u00e1m tato aplikace Q metody p\u0159inesla: (1) Q metoda je relativn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, co\u017e&nbsp;plat\u00ed i pro na\u0161e vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 jsou na n\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9, (2) p\u0159esto\u017ee je Q metoda do velk\u00e9 m\u00edry robustn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di n\u00edzk\u00e9 reprezentativit\u011b zkouman\u00e9ho vzorku, brut\u00e1ln\u00ed poru\u0161en\u00ed reprezentativity ovlivn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky, a (3) vypl\u00e1c\u00ed se neexperimentovat a dr\u017eet se osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9ho postupu Q&nbsp;metody.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Kroky a principy Q metody<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tvorba Q sample<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prvn\u00edm krokem Q metody je v\u00fdb\u011br v\u00fdrok\u016f z ur\u010dit\u00e9 probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 oblasti<br>\u2013 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed tzv.&nbsp;<em>Q sample<\/em>. Tyto v\u00fdroky reprezentuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 pohledy na&nbsp;probl\u00e9m, jeho r\u016fzn\u00e9 interpretace a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, m\u011bly by b\u00fdt shrnut\u00edm toho nejpodstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, co bychom mohli sly\u0161et od zast\u00e1nc\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch pohled\u016f na dan\u00fd probl\u00e9m. V\u011bt\u0161inou jde o vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z dostupn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, jako je nap\u0159. tisk, strategick\u00e9 dokumenty, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed atp. Pokud bychom v\u0161ak \u0159e\u0161ili p\u0159\u00edpadovou studii, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla nap\u0159.&nbsp;rozkr\u00fdt probl\u00e9m \u0161patn\u00e9ho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed nemocnice, pak je na m\u00edst\u011b si pohledy jednotliv\u00fdch akt\u00e9r\u016f opat\u0159it pomoc\u00ed polostrukturovan\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Q metoda pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pojem&nbsp;<em>concourse<\/em>, kter\u00fdm ch\u00e1pe \u201eproud komunikace, kter\u00e1 obklopuje jak\u00e9koli t\u00e9ma, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o konverzaci, koment\u00e1\u0159e nebo diskurs ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota\u201c [Nekola 2012: 61]. Nemus\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u017edy j\u00edt o&nbsp;verb\u00e1ln\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie pou\u017eily fotografie, jin\u00e9 v\u016fn\u011b, obr\u00e1zky, reklamy, politick\u00e9 plak\u00e1ty, country music a jin\u00e9 [McKeown, Thomas 2013]. Z concourse pro n\u00e1mi studovan\u00fd probl\u00e9m se v prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi sna\u017e\u00edme nashrom\u00e1\u017edit co nejv\u00edce materi\u00e1lu \u2013 \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, diskus\u00ed, fotografi\u00ed, rozhovor\u016f, v\u016fn\u00ed atd., tj. materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd na\u0161e studie vy\u017eaduje. A je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 kombinovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 zdroje \u2013 je to v\u0161ak vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no pouze pro psan\u00e1 sd\u011blen\u00ed, kdy v concourse m\u016f\u017eeme kombinovat v\u00fd\u0148atky z tisku s koment\u00e1\u0159i \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f blogu, s hodnocen\u00edm expert\u016f, s ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmi dokumenty atd. [ibid.].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Q sample se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik postup\u016f. Prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je pou\u017e\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00fd seznam objekt\u016f, nap\u0159. zv\u00ed\u0159at pro studii vztahu lid\u00ed k r\u016fzn\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm. Tento postup lze vyu\u017e\u00edt jen tam, kde nejde o posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed subjektivn\u00edch tvrzen\u00ed, ale subjektivn\u00ed vztah k objekt\u016fm, nap\u0159. respondenti by \u0159adili zv\u00ed\u0159ata podle toho, jak jsou jim sympatick\u00e1, nebo jak jim p\u0159ipadaj\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 atp. Nemus\u00ed j\u00edt v\u0161ak o objektivn\u00ed seznam, lze pou\u017e\u00edt polo\u017eky z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho zaveden\u00e9ho testovac\u00edho n\u00e1stroje, nap\u0159. by se mohli respondenti sami hodnotit pomoc\u00ed v\u00fdrok\u016f ze \u0161k\u00e1ly s\u00edly osobnosti [Je\u0159\u00e1bek 2003]. P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm postupem je adaptov\u00e1n\u00ed Q sample z tematicky p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 studie nebo dokonce n\u011bkter\u00e9ho z m\u00e1la existuj\u00edc\u00edch standardizovan\u00fdch Q sample [McKeown, Thomas 2013].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Druh\u00fd zp\u016fsob je v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fasudkem. M\u00e1 dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed varianty \u2013 nestrukturovan\u00fd Q sample a strukturovan\u00fd Q sample. V prvn\u00ed variant\u011b se sna\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci co nejl\u00e9pe shrnout pohledy na zkouman\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Pouze jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 diskuse zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee nez\u016fstane n\u011bjak\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u00fd n\u00e1zor opominut. K tomuto postupu v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci mus\u00ed \u010dasto sahat ve chv\u00edl\u00edch, kdy nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b rozvinut\u00e1 teorie v oblasti, kterou zkoumaj\u00ed. Rozvinut\u00e1 teorie n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt druhou variantu \u2013 strukturovan\u00fd Q&nbsp;sample. V t\u00e9to variant\u011b vyb\u00edr\u00e1me jednotliv\u00e9 polo\u017eky do Q sample tak, aby co nejl\u00e9pe reprezentovaly jednotliv\u00e9 dimenze teoreticky definovan\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu. \u010casto se vych\u00e1z\u00ed z princip\u016f tvorby experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho designu \u2013 aby v\u0161echny podstatn\u00e9 dimenze byly rovnom\u011brn\u011b obsazen\u00e9. Tam kde m\u00e1me u experimentu jednotliv\u00e9 kontrolovan\u00e9 a testov\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 a jejich hodnoty, tam p\u0159i tvorb\u011b Q sample m\u00e1me jednotliv\u00e9 pohledy a v\u00fdroky, kter\u00e9 t\u011bmto pohled\u016fm odporuj\u00ed nebo konvenuj\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to systematick\u00e9 varianty jsou diskuse v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu o&nbsp;kandid\u00e1tech na polo\u017eky nejl\u00e9pe reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed dimenze pohled\u016f na&nbsp;probl\u00e9m a jejich p\u00f3ly [ibid.].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q sort \u2013 hodnocen\u00ed polo\u017eek Q sample<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pot\u00e9, co m\u00e1me vybran\u00fd Q sample, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na \u0159adu kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 f\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1&nbsp;<em>Q sort<\/em>. V n\u00ed respondenti hodnot\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 polo\u017eky Q sample. Hodnocen\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 tak, \u017ee respondenti se\u0159ad\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 polo\u017eky Q&nbsp;sample podle zadan\u00fdch instrukc\u00ed. Tou instrukc\u00ed je obvykle, aby respondenti \u0159adili polo\u017eky dle toho, jak moc vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed jejich p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, nebo jak moc s nimi souhlas\u00ed, nebo jak moc je vystihuj\u00ed atp. Obvykle je tedy u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jeden pohled na Q sample, podle kter\u00e9ho m\u00e1 b\u00fdt tento rozt\u0159\u00edd\u011bn. Najdeme v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edklady studi\u00ed, kde jsou respondenti po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ni prov\u00e9st t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed t\u0159i, ka\u017ed\u00e9 z jin\u00e9 perspektivy \u2013 nap\u0159. jak v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011b polo\u017eky popisuj\u00ed mne osobn\u011b, jak jsou v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9 pro popis b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 populace a&nbsp;jak&nbsp;moc vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed etick\u00e9 hodnoty dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Instrukce v\u0161ak mohou zahrnovat hypotetick\u00e9 situace, \u010di sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e [ibid.].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samotn\u00fd zp\u016fsob hodnocen\u00ed je asi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed devizou Q metody. Q sort stanovuje pro ka\u017ed\u00fd stupe\u0148 souhlasu \u010di nesouhlasu p\u0159esn\u00fd po\u010det polo\u017eek, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 b\u00fdt vybr\u00e1n. Po\u010dty n\u011bkdy p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed distribuci, kdy u krajn\u00edch stanovisek (maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed souhlas\/maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed nesouhlas) m\u00e1 b\u00fdt vybr\u00e1n nejmen\u0161\u00ed po\u010det polo\u017eek a pro neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed (nev\u00edm, nedovedu za\u0159adit, ani souhlas ani nesouhlas atp.) naopak nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. \u010cast\u011bji se po\u010det polo\u017eek od kraj\u016f ke st\u0159edu mechanicky zvy\u0161uje. Pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed obdr\u017e\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd respondent v\u0161echny polo\u017eky vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 na karti\u010dk\u00e1ch spolu s velk\u00fdm archem pap\u00edru (obvykle velikosti A3) na kter\u00e9m je nazna\u010dena osa -4, -3 \u2026 0 \u2026 +3, +4 a nad ka\u017ed\u00fdm stupn\u011bm je tolik pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch ok\u00e9nek o velikosti karti\u010dky, kolik pro dan\u00fd stupe\u0148 po\u017eadujeme polo\u017eek. \u00dakolem respondent\u016f pak je karti\u010dky rozt\u0159\u00eddit do pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch ok\u00e9nek a v\u0161echna je zaplnit tak, aby uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed karti\u010dek co nejl\u00e9pe odpov\u00eddalo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed respondenta. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 je, aby respondenti p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dodr\u017eovali relace \u2013 aby polo\u017eky, se kter\u00fdmi souzn\u00ed v\u00edce, byly napravo od t\u011bch, se kter\u00fdmi souzn\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pseudo-norm\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed po\u010dtu polo\u017eek a rozmez\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly od -4 do +4 nejsou nutn\u011b jedinou mo\u017enost\u00ed jak Q sort uspo\u0159\u00e1dat. Bruce F. McKeown a Dan B. Thomas [2013] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee pro Q sample o velikosti do 40 polo\u017eek je bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edt \u0161k\u00e1lu od -4 do +4, p\u0159i 40 a\u017e 60 polo\u017ek\u00e1ch se nej\u010dast\u011bji u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la od -5 do +5. Nej\u010dast\u011bji m\u00e1 Q sample 40 a\u017e 50 polo\u017eek a&nbsp;Q&nbsp;sort m\u00e1 plo\u0161\u0161\u00ed pseudo-norm\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed. McKeown a Thomas [ibid.] k&nbsp;tomu dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee by\u0165 je tento p\u0159\u00edpad nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se i&nbsp;jin\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby rozd\u011blen\u00ed po\u010dt\u016f polo\u017eek pro jednotliv\u00e9 stupn\u011b souhlasu. Pokud o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me pom\u011brn\u011b vyhran\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na probl\u00e9m u na\u0161ich respondent\u016f, m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt je\u0161t\u011b plo\u0161\u0161\u00ed distribuci, relativn\u011b se tak zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl po\u010dtu polo\u017eek na extr\u00e9mn\u00edch konc\u00edch \u0161k\u00e1ly. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt i p\u0159evr\u00e1cenou norm\u00e1ln\u00ed distribuci, kdy bude na extr\u00e9mn\u00ed okraje \u0161k\u00e1ly um\u00edst\u011bno v\u00edce polo\u017eek ne\u017e do st\u0159edu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Doporu\u010den\u00fd postup t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed polo\u017eek Q sample je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed. Respondent si nejprve polo\u017eky prostuduje, pak je rozt\u0159\u00edd\u00ed na t\u0159i hrom\u00e1dky podle toho, zda s nimi souhlas\u00ed, nesouhlas\u00ed, nebo k nim m\u00e1 neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed postoj. Pak je dobr\u00e9 um\u00edstit polo\u017eky, se kter\u00fdmi nejv\u00edce souzn\u00ed (+4 v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b), pot\u00e9 vybrat polo\u017eky, se kter\u00fdmi souhlas\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b (-4). Doporu\u010duje se pak doplnit m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed souhlas (+3) a po n\u011bm ihned m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nesouhlas (-3) a d\u00e1le postupovat ve st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00f3l\u016f \u0161k\u00e1ly a\u017e dojde k prost\u0159edn\u00ed kategorii (0). Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b samoz\u0159ejm\u011b porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 kategorie, jestli rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed polo\u017eek odpov\u00edd\u00e1 m\u00ed\u0159e jeho souhlasu \u010di nesouhlasu. Postup t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed od kraj\u016f do st\u0159edu vych\u00e1z\u00ed z poznatk\u016f psychologie, \u017ee jedinci si jsou obvykle mnohem v\u00edce jist\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi ne\u017e um\u00edrn\u011bn\u00fdmi postoji. Nakonec jsou na hlavn\u00ed arch p\u0159eps\u00e1na \u010d\u00edsla polo\u017eek a t\u00edm je podoba Q&nbsp;sortu pro dan\u00e9ho respondenta zaznamen\u00e1na [ibid.]. Arch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dopln\u011bn osobn\u00edmi charakteristikami respondenta, a pokud m\u011bl respondent za \u00fakol hodnotit polo\u017eky z r\u016fzn\u00fdch perspektiv, ur\u010dit\u011b je t\u0159eba zaznamenat, kterou perspektivu u\u017eil p\u0159i t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m archu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rozd\u00edl mezi m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm pozice polo\u017eek pomoc\u00ed Q sort a klasick\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l p\u0159\u00edhodn\u011b ilustruje \u010dl\u00e1nek Havl\u00edkov\u00e9 [2016], kter\u00e1 zji\u0161\u0165ovala n\u00e1zor obyvatel Karlov\u00fdch Var\u016f ohledn\u011b toho, jak\u00e9 jevy (negativn\u00ed i pozitivn\u00ed) vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 zdej\u0161\u00ed filmov\u00fd festival. V r\u00e1mci Q sortu respondenti \u0159adili 23 vybran\u00fdch jev\u016f na p\u011btibodovou \u0161k\u00e1lu souhlasu podle pseudo-norm\u00e1ln\u00edho rozd\u011blen\u00ed (1: 3x; 2: 5x; 3: 7x; 4: 5x; 5: 3x). M\u011bs\u00edc p\u0159ed t\u00edm hodnotili tit\u00ed\u017e respondenti stejn\u00fdch 23 jev\u016f klasick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, vyj\u00e1d\u0159ili s nimi stupe\u0148 souhlasu na stejn\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le (1 = rozhodn\u00fd souhlas, 3 = neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed, 5 = rozhodn\u00fd nesouhlas). Havl\u00edkov\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee data z\u00edskan\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed klasick\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly byla reliabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ta z\u00edskan\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed Q sort (Cronbachova alfa: 0,9 vs. 0,7). D\u00e1le, pomoc\u00ed klasick\u00e9ho postupu z\u00edskala v\u00edce souhlasn\u00fdch odpov\u011bd\u00ed: u 15 polo\u017eek byla modusem kategorie \u201erozhodn\u011b souhlas\u00ed\u201c u zbyl\u00fdch 8 polo\u017eek \u201esouhlas\u00ed\u201c, co\u017e nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 doc\u00edlit pomoc\u00ed Q&nbsp;sort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je tak\u00e9 pou\u010dn\u00e9 prostudovat v \u010dl\u00e1nku Havl\u00edkov\u00e9 tabulku Table 2, kter\u00e1 srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd stupe\u0148 souhlasu s jednotliv\u00fdmi polo\u017ekami m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd pomoc\u00ed Q sort a klasick\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed. Nap\u0159. alkoholismus, kter\u00fd z\u00edskal 3. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd souhlas p\u0159i klasick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, z\u00edskal v Q sort 12. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd souhlas; p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed slu\u017eeb se p\u0159i klasick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed um\u00edstilo jako 7., ale p\u0159i Q sort a\u017e jako 20.; mo\u017enost nov\u00fdch investic se v&nbsp;Q sort um\u00edstila jako 23., posledn\u00ed, p\u0159i klasick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ale byla na 16. m\u00edst\u011b; zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hrdosti m\u00edstn\u00edch se v Q sort um\u00edstilo jako 6., ale p\u0159i klasick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo na 22. m\u00edst\u011b atd. Zkr\u00e1tka, Q sort produkuje odli\u0161n\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed polo\u017eek, nejde jen o odli\u0161n\u00fd rozsah \u0161k\u00e1ly a odli\u0161n\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi polo\u017ekami. Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl je z\u0159ejm\u011b v tom, \u017ee klasick\u00fd postup umo\u017e\u0148uje rychl\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed, respondenti berou ka\u017edou polo\u017eku v \u00favahu jen jednou a ji\u017e se k n\u00ed nevrac\u00ed, Q sort v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduje v\u00edce \u010dasu a respondenti zva\u017euj\u00ed pozici polo\u017eek opakovan\u011b. Moment\u00e1ln\u011b, Bohu \u017eel, neexistuje literatura, kter\u00e1 by se v\u011bnovala systematick\u00e9mu srovn\u00e1n\u00ed rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi Q sort a klasick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00fdb\u011br respondent\u016f a anal\u00fdza dat z Q sort<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdb\u011br jedinc\u016f pro Q sort prov\u00e1d\u00edme v\u011bt\u0161inou \u00fasudkem. Soubor respondent\u016f se v Q metodologii naz\u00fdv\u00e1&nbsp;<em>P sample<\/em>&nbsp;nebo n\u011bkdy&nbsp;<em>P-set<\/em>&nbsp;a jeho velikost se nej\u010dast\u011bji pohybuje mezi 30 a\u017e 50 jedinci. Jeho konstrukce se obvykle \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u00fasudkem v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka a pot\u0159ebou pou\u017eit\u00e9 teorie \u2013 vyb\u00edr\u00e1me takov\u00e9 typy respondent\u016f, jejich\u017e subjektivitu chceme m\u00edt v P sample dob\u0159e zastoupenou. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b studia n\u011bjak\u00e9ho soci\u00e1ln\u00edho probl\u00e9mu se obvykle vyb\u00edr\u00e1 do P sample n\u011bkolik respondent\u016f za ka\u017ed\u00fd typ akt\u00e9r\u016f, jich\u017e se probl\u00e9m t\u00fdk\u00e1. Nemus\u00edme v\u0161ak typy respondent\u016f rozli\u0161ovat a m\u016f\u017eeme za\u0159adit do P sample kohokoli \u2013 pokud m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee zkoum\u00e1me n\u011bjak\u00fd druh obecn\u00e9 subjektivity, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl fungovat u v\u0161ech jedinc\u016f zhruba stejn\u011b, a je proto zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru jedinc\u016f n\u011bjak pe\u010dliv\u011b rozli\u0161ovat. N\u011bkdy je \u2013 podobn\u011b jako u tvorby Q sample uplatn\u011bn faktori\u00e1ln\u00ed design. A to v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy se domn\u00edv\u00e1me, \u017ee&nbsp;subjektivitu jedinc\u016f z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 jejich vlastnosti (nap\u0159. rasa a pohlav\u00ed), pak db\u00e1me, aby tyto znaky byly v P sample rovnom\u011brn\u011b zastoupen\u00e9 (nap\u0159. 10 b\u011bloch\u016f, 10 b\u011blo\u0161ek, 10 afro-Ameri\u010danek, 10 afro-Ameri\u010dan\u016f) [McKeown, Thomas 2013].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sebran\u00e1 data se zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed v p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00e9m form\u00e1tu \u2013 jednotliv\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm a jednotliv\u00e9 sloupce respondent\u016fm \u2013 a je na n\u011b aplikov\u00e1na faktorov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza. Zde je t\u0159eba d\u00e1t pozor ji\u017e p\u0159i&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b Q sample a P sample, aby byl po\u010det hodnocen\u00fdch polo\u017eek vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e po\u010det respondent\u016f. Faktorov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza toti\u017e funguje spolehliv\u011b pouze na souborech, kde je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det pozorovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f ne\u017e prom\u011bnn\u00fdch. A jeliko\u017e v p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00e9 datov\u00e9 matici odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed respondenti prom\u011bnn\u00fdm a polo\u017eky p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm, je t\u0159eba, aby byl po\u010det polo\u017eek vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e po\u010det respondent\u016f. Jak v\u00edme, faktorov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza extrahuje z dat latentn\u00ed faktory, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 pozorujeme a m\u011b\u0159\u00edme [Comrey, Lee 2013].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pokud analyzujeme b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 data, nap\u0159. r\u016fzn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 postoje, nem\u00e1me probl\u00e9m si latentn\u00ed faktory p\u0159edstavit. Co si ale p\u0159edstavit pod latentn\u00edmi faktory v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy prom\u011bnn\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jednotliv\u00ed respondenti? Domn\u00edv\u00e1me se, \u017ee to je pohled na v\u011bc \u010di probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je dan\u00fdm respondent\u016fm spole\u010dn\u00fd. Faktorov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee n\u00e1m pak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry hodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 polo\u017eky souvis\u00ed z extrahovan\u00fdm pohledem, latentn\u00edm faktorem. Pro snaz\u0161\u00ed interpretaci a pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed pohled\u016f (latentn\u00edch faktor\u016f) je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt n\u011bkter\u00fd z typ\u016f rotace faktor\u016f, kter\u00fd u faktoru maximalizuje z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch polo\u017eek a minimalizuje ji u&nbsp;v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch. Je to vhodn\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee p\u0159esn\u011b takto o komplexn\u00edch pohledech na probl\u00e9m uva\u017eujeme: \u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivn\u00ed na\u0161e odpov\u011bdi na n\u011bkter\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a nech\u00e1 n\u00e1s zcela chladn\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jin\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek. Pops\u00e1n\u00ed latentn\u00edch faktor\u016f a jejich souvislost\u00ed je kone\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem ze samotn\u00e9 Q metody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Konstrukce vlastn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1stroje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na Q metodu je mo\u017en\u00e9 nav\u00e1zat dal\u0161\u00edm \u0161et\u0159en\u00edm. Pokud jsme identifikovali z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komplexn\u00ed pohledy na zkouman\u00fd probl\u00e9m v r\u00e1mci na\u0161eho P sample, m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e1s zaj\u00edmat, jak\u00e1 by byla distribuce t\u011bchto komplexn\u00edch pohled\u016f v r\u00e1mci \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed populace. Vz\u00edt v\u0161ak Q sample a p\u0159edlo\u017eit jej reprezentativn\u00edmu souboru cca 1000 respondent\u016f je v\u0161ak nemo\u017en\u00e9 (organiza\u010dn\u011b a analyticky \u2013 po\u010det respondent\u016f by p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161il po\u010det v\u00fdrok\u016f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prvn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nab\u00edz\u00ed, je nechat reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek respondent\u016f ohodnotit polo\u017eky Q sample pomoc\u00ed posuzovac\u00edch \u0161k\u00e1l (nap\u0159. -4 pro&nbsp;maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed nesouhlas a +4 pro maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed souhlas) a d\u00edky v\u00fdsledk\u016fm Q metody konstruovat pro ka\u017ed\u00fd pohled jednu Likertovu \u0161k\u00e1lu. To provedeme tak, \u017ee z Q metody p\u0159evezmeme faktorov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee jednotliv\u00fdch polo\u017eek Q sample. Tato z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e (<em>factor loading<\/em>) n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, jak moc je dan\u00e1 polo\u017eka ve shod\u011b \u010di v rozporu s extrahovan\u00fdm pohledem, latentn\u00edm faktorem. Pro ka\u017edou polo\u017eku Q sample m\u00e1me tolik z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, kolik jsme se rozhodli nakonec extrahovat komplexn\u00edch pohled\u016f. Pokud chceme vytvo\u0159it Likertovu \u0161k\u00e1lu pro vybran\u00fd komplexn\u00ed pohled, p\u0159evezmeme z&nbsp;Q&nbsp;metody faktorov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee polo\u017eek Q sample pro p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd latentn\u00ed faktor a jednotliv\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed polo\u017eek ve v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bmito z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eemi vyn\u00e1sob\u00edme a pak se\u010dteme. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo odpov\u00edd\u00e1 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho respondenta z v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed na Likertov\u011b \u0161k\u00e1le pro p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd komplexn\u00ed pohled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V praxi nebudeme pou\u017e\u00edvat cel\u00fd Q sample pro v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci Q sort respondenti udr\u017e\u00ed pozornost, ale hodnotit nap\u0159. 40 \u010di 50 polo\u017eek pomoc\u00ed stejn\u00e9 posuzovac\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly v r\u00e1mci strukturovan\u00e9ho rozhovoru, to je pro dot\u00e1zan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd \u00fakol. Budeme tedy muset po\u010det polo\u017eek redukovat a vybrat jen n\u011bkter\u00e9. Budeme vyb\u00edrat ty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed schopnost co nejl\u00e9pe odli\u0161ovat jednotliv\u00e9 extrahovan\u00e9 latentn\u00ed faktory. Budeme tedy vyb\u00edrat takov\u00e9 polo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pro jeden faktor vysokou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e (kladnou \u010di z\u00e1pornou) a pro ostatn\u00ed faktory n\u00edzkou (ide\u00e1ln\u011b nulovou) z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e (<em>loading<\/em>), p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b polo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vysokou kladnou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e pro jednu \u010d\u00e1st latentn\u00edch faktor\u016f a vysokou z\u00e1pornou pro jinou \u010d\u00e1st latentn\u00edch faktor\u016f. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee takov\u00e9 polo\u017eky maj\u00ed schopnost od sebe odli\u0161ovat respondenty s odli\u0161n\u00fdm pohledem na zkouman\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Likertovy \u0161k\u00e1ly pak vytvo\u0159\u00edme pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b vybran\u00fdch polo\u017eek jen ty budeme v reprezentativn\u00edm \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed dotazovat, jen jejich z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee p\u0159ebereme z v\u00fdsledk\u016f Q metody a jen pro n\u011b budeme z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eemi n\u00e1sobit odpov\u011bdi respondent\u016f v reprezentativn\u00edm \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a budeme je s\u010d\u00edtat do&nbsp;v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stantor Danielson [2009] nab\u00edz\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed dva zp\u016fsoby, jak v\u00fdsledky Q metody v reprezentativn\u00edm \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt. Pro po\u0159\u00e1dek uve\u010fme, \u017ee n\u00e1mi intuitivn\u011b nast\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fd jsme popsali v\u00fd\u0161e, naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Danielson tvorba \u0161k\u00e1ly (<em>scale creation<\/em>). Dal\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem je korelace profil\u016f (<em>profile correlation<\/em>). Ka\u017edou latentn\u00ed prom\u011bnnou, tedy extrahovan\u00fd komplexn\u00ed pohled, si ulo\u017e\u00edme jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed typ, tj. jak by jednotliv\u00e9 vybran\u00e9 polo\u017eky Q sample hodnotila osoba, kter\u00e1 naprosto p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd pohled sd\u00edl\u00ed. Odpov\u011bdi odvod\u00edme z velikosti z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee a rozsahu nab\u00edzen\u00e9 hodnot\u00edc\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly. Pot\u00e9 transponujeme datovou matici, tj. z respondent\u016f se stanou prom\u011bnn\u00e9 a z polo\u017eek p\u0159\u00edpady, a spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho respondenta z v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, jak moc jeho odpov\u011bdi koreluj\u00ed s ka\u017ed\u00fdm ide\u00e1ln\u00edm typem. Velikosti korela\u010dn\u00edch koeficient\u016f si zaznamen\u00e1me a&nbsp;ulo\u017e\u00edme je do datov\u00e9ho souboru jako nov\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 po t\u00e9, co datovou matici transformujeme nazp\u011bt (respondenti budou op\u011bt tvo\u0159it p\u0159\u00edpady a&nbsp;hodnocen\u00ed polo\u017eek prom\u011bnn\u00e9). Danielson pot\u00e9 doporu\u010duje hodnoty koeficientu men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,4 nahradit nulou a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,4 (v\u010detn\u011b) 1, \u010d\u00edm\u017e pak z\u00edsk\u00e1me identifik\u00e1tor, \u017ee vybran\u00fd respondent v\u00fdznamn\u011b koreluje ve&nbsp;sv\u00e9m pohledu na probl\u00e9m s ide\u00e1ln\u00edm typem [ibid.].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posledn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem je narativn\u00ed zhodnocen\u00ed (<em>narative evaluation<\/em>). To je zcela odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed od v\u0161ech p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch. Jeho specifi\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee m\u00edsto matematick\u00fdch operac\u00ed se pokus\u00edme komplexn\u00ed pohledy extrahovan\u00e9 z Q metody vystihnout verb\u00e1ln\u011b, nejl\u00e9pe ve form\u011b rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edho tvrzen\u00ed nebo postoje n\u011bjak\u00e9 fiktivn\u00ed osoby. Pot\u00e9, co je p\u0159edstaven postoj t\u00e9to fiktivn\u00ed osoby, dostanou respondenti ve v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed prostor proto, aby tento postoj ohodnotili \u2013 zda a jak moc s n\u00edm souhlas\u00ed, zda se jim zd\u00e1 postoj zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00fd, zda na n\u011b fiktivn\u00ed osoba p\u016fsob\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011b, jak \u010dasto pozoruj\u00ed podobn\u00fd postoj u lid\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m okol\u00ed atp. [ibid.].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Postup a v\u00fdsledky aplikace Q metody na studium n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 a n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edstup k jej\u00edmu studiu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je\u0161t\u011b ne\u017e podrobn\u011b pop\u00ed\u0161eme, jak jsme Q metodu p\u0159esn\u011b aplikovali, pozastavme se u zkouman\u00e9ho t\u00e9matu \u2013 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti. Pou\u017eit\u00fd ilustrativn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum vych\u00e1z\u00ed z koncepce kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti Jana Assmanna [1995; 2008]. Ten ch\u00e1pe pam\u011b\u0165 jako proces a rozli\u0161uje t\u0159i typy pam\u011bti:&nbsp;<em>individu\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>komunikativn\u00ed<\/em>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<em>kulturn\u00ed<\/em>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e komunikativn\u00ed a&nbsp;kulturn\u00ed jsou dv\u011b formy&nbsp;<em>kolektivn\u00ed<\/em>&nbsp;pam\u011bti. Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011bt\u00ed Assmann ch\u00e1pe pam\u011b\u0165 jednotlivce, tak ji b\u011b\u017en\u011b rozum\u00edme \u2013 jako neuro-psychick\u00fd proces. Komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 je ji\u017e soci\u00e1ln\u00ed proces, by\u0165 jsou jeho nositeli st\u00e1le jedinci se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami o historii a svou autobiografickou pam\u011bt\u00ed. Av\u0161ak tyto p\u0159edstavy a autobiografick\u00e9 pam\u011bti se sjednocuj\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed vz\u00e1jemnou komunikac\u00ed. Kulturn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 je jako jedin\u00e1 formalizovan\u00e1 a obvykle fixovan\u00e1 ve form\u011b liter\u00e1rn\u00edch a v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdch d\u011bl, z\u00e1kon\u00edk\u016f, u\u010debnic atp., ale fixace m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i formu tanc\u016f, her nebo ritu\u00e1l\u016f. Kulturn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 v\u017edy vy\u017eaduje specialisty, kte\u0159\u00ed do n\u00ed mohou ukl\u00e1dat a z\u00edsk\u00e1vat z n\u00ed obsahy, zat\u00edmco s komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011bt\u00ed mohou nakl\u00e1dat v\u0161ichni. V\u0161echny t\u0159i druhy pam\u011bti jsou dynamicky propojen\u00e9 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed a komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 se ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed v kulturn\u00ed, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 z kulturn\u00ed pam\u011bti \u010derpaj\u00ed sv\u016fj obsah; jedinec s obsahem sv\u00e9 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011bti p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k procesu komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011bti, a tento proces z\u00e1rove\u0148 jeho individu\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 formuje [ibid.]. Kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 m\u00e1 mnoho nik a vrstev, jako n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou ch\u00e1peme takovou niku, kter\u00e1 se sv\u00fdmi specifick\u00fdmi prvky odli\u0161uje od ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch nik a vrstev. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti tak m\u00e1me na mysli nap\u0159. postaven\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch svat\u00fdch v \u010desk\u00e9 historii, vztah osobnost\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 historie k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou interpretaci sv\u00e1tk\u016f, historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed atp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro v\u00fdzkum kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy: bu\u010f se analyzuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo objekty kulturn\u00ed pam\u011bti, nebo se metodami or\u00e1ln\u00ed historie zkoum\u00e1 podoba autobiografick\u00fdch pam\u011bt\u00ed (srovnej [Olick et al. 2011]) \u2013 my jsme se rozhodli pro jinou cestu. C\u00edlem na\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumu bylo zmapovat, jak se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 kulturn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 otiskla skrze komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 do individu\u00e1ln\u00edch pam\u011bt\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmalo n\u00e1s, jak\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed dimenze m\u00e1 \u010desk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pohledy ji konstituuj\u00ed a jak je v tomto prostoru rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 \u010desk\u00e1 populace. Proto jsme prostudovali materializovanou formu komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011bti \u2013 denn\u00ed tisk \u2013 abychom zjistili, jak\u00e9 v\u00fdroky pronikly z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed do komunikativn\u00ed pam\u011bti. Vybran\u00e9 v\u00fdroky jsme vyu\u017eili jako Q sample pro Q metodu, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1m umo\u017enila: (1) naj\u00edt z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pohledy na vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, (2) identifikovat, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdroky z\u0159eteln\u011b \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed nalezen\u00e9 pohledy, a (3) p\u0159i\u0159adit v\u00fdrok\u016fm v\u00e1hy, d\u00edky kter\u00fdm jsme sestavili pro ka\u017ed\u00fd pohled Likertovu \u0161k\u00e1lu. Tyto \u0161k\u00e1ly jsme pak vyu\u017eili v reprezentativn\u00edm v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, co\u017e n\u00e1m umo\u017enilo zjistit, jak je v prostoru n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 \u010desk\u00e1 populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stanoven\u00ed Q sample a P sample<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jako concourse jsme zvolili \u010dl\u00e1nky v celost\u00e1tn\u00edch den\u00edc\u00edch za l\u00e9ta 2010-2013<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali jsme, \u017ee formulace v denn\u00edm tisku odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed ust\u00e1len\u00e9 narativn\u00ed r\u00e1mce, kter\u00e9 jsou v populaci sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho pov\u011bdom\u00ed o&nbsp;historii. Nejprve jsme vytvo\u0159ili seznam ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, m\u00edst, obdob\u00ed, sv\u00e1tk\u016f a&nbsp;osobnost\u00ed. Vyu\u017eili jsme pr\u00e1ci Ji\u0159\u00edho \u0160ubrta a Ji\u0159\u00edho Vinopala [2013] v\u011bnovanou v\u00fdsledk\u016fm rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho reprezentativn\u00edho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed historick\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed obyvatel \u010cR. P\u0159evzali jsme seznamy nej\u010dast\u011bji zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdch obdob\u00ed, osobnost\u00ed, ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a m\u00edst \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Seznam jsme d\u00e1le doplnili o st\u00e1tn\u00ed a c\u00edrkevn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky \u2013 nebyl n\u00e1m zn\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u00fdznamu sv\u00e1tk\u016f, proto seznam vy\u0161el z t\u00fdmov\u00e9 diskuze. B\u011bhem t\u00fdmov\u00e9 diskuse jsme tak\u00e9 seznam zkr\u00e1tili na kone\u010dn\u00fdch 68 polo\u017eek (viz P\u0159\u00edloha \u010d. 1). V na\u0161em concourse jsme vyhledali v\u00fdroky, ve kter\u00fdch se objevily polo\u017eky ze seznamu, zaznamen\u00e1vali jsme jak v\u00fdroky, kter\u00e9 polo\u017eky interpretovali n\u00e1bo\u017eensky, tak v\u00fdroky bez n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 interpretace. P\u0159esto\u017ee se ke v\u0161em polo\u017ek\u00e1m seznamu nepoda\u0159ilo dohledat alespo\u0148 jeden v\u00fdrok, vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm jsme dosp\u011bli k cca 360 v\u00fdrok\u016fm. Ty bylo t\u0159eba o\u010distit od duplicit a p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u011b redukovat v\u00fdroky, pokud jejich po\u010det pro jednu polo\u017eku p\u0159es\u00e1hl 12. T\u00edmto krokem jsme z\u00edskali seznam 193 v\u00fdrok\u016f. Nav\u00edc jsme ov\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee polo\u017eky vynechan\u00e9 ze zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9ho seznamu (P\u0159\u00edloha \u010d. 1) nejsou v textech \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro v\u00fdb\u011br v\u00fdrok\u016f do Q sample jsme si stanovili z\u00e1kladn\u00ed krit\u00e9rium: ke&nbsp;ka\u017ed\u00e9 polo\u017ece vybereme pr\u00e1v\u011b dva v\u00fdroky \u2013 jeden bez jak\u00e9hokoli vztahu k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a druh\u00fd naopak se vztahem k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. D\u016fvodem pro toto krit\u00e9rium byla snaha odhalit, zda respondenti p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdrok\u016f o polo\u017ek\u00e1ch reaguj\u00ed na n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou interpretaci, nebo na&nbsp;polo\u017eku samotnou. Proto jsme usilovali o to, aby ka\u017ed\u00e1 polo\u017eka byla v prvn\u00edm v\u00fdroku interpretov\u00e1na n\u00e1bo\u017eensky a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ve druh\u00e9m v\u00fdroku bez vztahu k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. U 23 polo\u017eek bylo toto krit\u00e9rium napln\u011bno, na\u0161li jsme pro n\u011b alespo\u0148 jeden v\u00fdrok obou typ\u016f. Pokud bylo k&nbsp;dispozici n\u011bkolik v\u00fdrok\u016f dan\u00e9ho typu (obvykle ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho), sna\u017eili jsme se na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00fdmov\u00e9 diskuze vybrat v\u00fdrok zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed nejtypi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vlastnost polo\u017eky, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsme sledovali \u010distotu interpretace \u2013 aby byla jasn\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 nebo nikoli. U 44 polo\u017eek jsme v&nbsp;na\u0161em korpusu \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f nena\u0161li bu\u010f \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdrok, nebo jsme nena\u0161li n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdrok. U jedin\u00e9 polo\u017eky seznamu \u2013 Jan Zrzav\u00fd \u2013 jsme v&nbsp;korpusu \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f na\u0161li jen n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdrok. Rozhodli jsme se v\u00fdrok bez vztahu k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed doplnit, proto\u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 osobnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdrok vytvo\u0159it pom\u011brn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u011b. Pou\u017eili jsme variaci ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdroku o Janu Nerudovi, v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed je: \u201eJan Zrzav\u00fd byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd mal\u00ed\u0159\u201c. Q sample tedy obsahuje 48 v\u00fdrok\u016f, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed 24 polo\u017eek (viz P\u0159\u00edloha 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru osob do na\u0161eho P sample jsme sledovali dv\u011b charakteristiky: v\u011bk a religiozitu. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali jsme, \u017ee v\u011bk bude rozhodn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovat vztah k d\u011bjin\u00e1m bu\u010f s\u00e1m o sob\u011b, nebo zde bude patrn\u00fd kohortn\u00ed efekt osoby kter\u00e9 pro\u0161ly stejnou podobou \u0161koln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a osnov d\u011bjepisu, si budou ve sv\u00fdch pohledech na d\u011bjiny patrn\u011b podobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, budou \u010dasto sd\u00edlet i podobnou historickou zku\u0161enost atd. D\u00e1le jsme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee religiozita bude ovliv\u0148ovat postoj k m\u00edstu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch. N\u00e1bo\u017eensky zalo\u017een\u00e9 osoby mohou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bji vid\u011bt n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako pozitivn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st d\u011bjin, osob\u00e1m bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zase \u010dast\u011bji n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159ipadat jako negativn\u00ed element d\u011bjin, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jim \u010dast\u011bji bude p\u0159ipadat vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a d\u011bjin jako nezaj\u00edmav\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do P sample jsme za\u0159adili \u00fasudkem celkem 46 osob, kter\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvali t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kohorty (18\u201325 let, 26\u201353 let, 54\u201374 let). V nejmlad\u0161\u00ed kohort\u011b jsou aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed univerzitn\u00ed studenti \u010dlen\u016f v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu. St\u0159edn\u00ed kohorta byla prim\u00e1rn\u011b c\u00edlena na generaci rodi\u010d\u016f t\u011bchto student\u016f (ale nikoli samotn\u00e9 rodi\u010de zkouman\u00fdch student\u016f!). Nav\u00edc jsme do t\u00e9to kohorty za\u0159adili mlad\u0161\u00ed osoby v produktivn\u00edm v\u011bku, kter\u00e9 u\u017e ukon\u010dily sv\u00e1 studia. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed kohorta byla prim\u00e1rn\u011b c\u00edlena na generaci prarodi\u010d\u016f nejmlad\u0161\u00ed kohorty (nikoli samotn\u00e9 prarodi\u010de!) a doplnili jsme ji o osoby v&nbsp;postproduktivn\u00edm v\u011bku. Osoby ze st\u0159edn\u00ed a nejstar\u0161\u00ed kohorty byly vybr\u00e1ny \u00fasudkem z okruhu zn\u00e1m\u00fdch osob \u010dlen\u016f v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu, mohli jsme tak kontrolovat rovnom\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch a nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch osob. V nejmlad\u0161\u00ed kohort\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 religiozita v\u011bku a pohlav\u00ed participant\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q sort<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u00e1ze Q sort byla provedena zcela standardn\u011b. Hlavn\u00ed pokyn, dle kter\u00e9ho m\u011bli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci t\u0159\u00eddit Q sample, zn\u011bl: \u201eRozt\u0159i\u010fte sadu v\u00fdrok\u016f podle toho, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed Va\u0161e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. D\u00e1vejte je t\u00edm v\u00edce vlevo, \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce Va\u0161emu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed odporuj\u00ed, a t\u00edm v\u00edce vpravo, \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce se s nimi ztoto\u017e\u0148ujete. Pozor, nejde o hodnocen\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti \u2013 v\u011bcn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdrok, kter\u00fd ve V\u00e1s nevyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ani ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed ani odpor pat\u0159\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e doprost\u0159ed\u201c. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen P sample dostal pro sv\u016fj Q sort v\u0161ech 48 vybran\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch na karti\u010dk\u00e1ch a list form\u00e1tu A3, na kter\u00e9m bylo po\u010dtem pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch pol\u00ed nazna\u010deno jak je t\u0159eba v\u00fdroky rozt\u0159\u00eddit na \u0161k\u00e1le<br>od -4 do +4. Po\u010dty vyhrazen\u00fdch m\u00edst pro jednotliv\u00e9 stupn\u011b souhlasu vizte na Obr\u00e1zku 1.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"231\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-19.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1054\" title=\"QMET_Obr1.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-19.jpg 520w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-19-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-19-150x67.jpg 150w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1-19-480x213.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 520px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref1\"><\/a>ot\u00e9 co \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci provedli Q sort, byly zaznamen\u00e1ny pozice karti\u010dek na&nbsp;pomocn\u00fdch ar\u0161\u00edch, a to v\u010detn\u011b v\u011bku a pohlav\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka. N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsme nezaznamen\u00e1vali \u2013 u student\u016f jsme o\u010dek\u00e1vali, \u017ee jejich religiozita bude odpov\u00eddat jejich v\u011bku, kraji, dosa\u017een\u00e9mu vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a statusu, a&nbsp;u&nbsp;zn\u00e1m\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 jsme oslovovali, n\u00e1m byla religiozita zn\u00e1m\u00e1. V\u0161echny v\u00fdstupy z Q sort byly p\u0159eps\u00e1ny v po\u017eadovan\u00e9m form\u00e1tu, jednotliv\u00ed respondenti tvo\u0159ili sloupce a jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdroky \u0159\u00e1dky datov\u00e9 matice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00davodn\u00ed anal\u00fdza dat \u2013 alternativn\u00ed realizace Q metody<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prvn\u00ed anal\u00fdza dat z Q sort uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v na\u0161em P sample dominuj\u00ed t\u0159i typy pohledu na roli n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v historii. Prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup vid\u011bl n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako inherentn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st pohledu na historii, druh\u00fd se proti tomu ost\u0159e vymezoval a m\u011bl tendenci historii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed odd\u011blovat a kone\u010dn\u011b jsme na\u0161li t\u0159et\u00ed pohled, kter\u00fd vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a historie nezaj\u00edmal. P\u0159i realizaci faktorov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy jsme pou\u017eili v\u0161echny metody odhadu, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m umo\u017enil statistick\u00fd bal\u00edk STATA 11.2. V\u0161echny metody extrahovaly jeden velmi siln\u00fd faktor a 7 a\u017e 11 sice slab\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f, av\u0161ak s eigenvalue vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 1. Rozhodli jsme se pro t\u0159i faktory, proto\u017ee t\u0159et\u00ed faktor v\u017edy extrahoval jako posledn\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 5 % variability dat. Nepou\u017eili jsme v\u0161ak z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, ale rotaci oblique promax, kterou jsme volili z teoretick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f \u2013 jako jedin\u00e1 p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed, \u017ee mezi faktory m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt korelace. A my se pr\u00e1v\u011b domn\u00edv\u00e1me, \u017ee pokud n\u011bkdo vn\u00edm\u00e1 vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a interpretace historie ur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, bude to souviset s jeho vztahem k ostatn\u00edm pohled\u016fm na tento vztah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b faktorov\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed jsme participanty p\u0159i\u0159adili k jednomu ze&nbsp;t\u0159\u00ed extrahovan\u00fdch pohled\u016f na vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jedince nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0159adit k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu faktoru, proto\u017ee u \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho nem\u011bli faktorovou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e s absolutn\u00ed hodnotou nad 0,4. Pot\u00e9 jsme datovou matici transponovali tak, aby respondenti tvo\u0159ili \u0159\u00e1dky a hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdrok\u016f sloupce a zaznamenali jsme hodnotu 1 do prom\u011bnn\u00fdch PohledA, PohledB a PohledC, podle toho zda je pro participanta dominantn\u00ed faktor A, B nebo C. Pokud pro respondenta ur\u010dit\u00fd faktor nebyl dominantn\u00ed, m\u011bl v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 ulo\u017eenu hodnotu 0, respondenti bez dominantn\u00edho faktoru m\u011bli ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech prom\u011bnn\u00fdch hodnotu 0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00fdb\u011br v\u00fdrok\u016f a parametry v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po t\u00e9 jsme provedli s\u00e9rii 48 regresn\u00edch anal\u00fdz \u2013 pro hodnocen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u00fdroku jednu \u2013 kde bylo hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdroku jako z\u00e1visle prom\u011bnn\u00e1 a jako nez\u00e1visle prom\u011bnn\u00e1 byly pou\u017eity identifik\u00e1tory dominantn\u00edch faktor\u016f (PohledA, PohledB, PohledC). Zaj\u00edmalo n\u00e1s, kolik variability (R<sup>2<\/sup>) dok\u00e1\u017ee vysv\u011btlit tento jednoduch\u00fd model a zda budou m\u00edt odli\u0161n\u00e9 pohledy (A, B, C) v\u00fdrazn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd n\u00e1zor na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdrok. V\u00fdsledky regrese jsme je\u0161t\u011b kontrolovali pomoc\u00ed tabul\u00e1rn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy \u2013 zda v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly v&nbsp;regresn\u00edch koeficientech doprov\u00e1z\u00ed tak\u00e9 homogenn\u00ed distribuce odpov\u011bd\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho pohledu na jednom z konc\u016f hodnot\u00edc\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f faktorov\u00e9, regresn\u00ed a tabul\u00e1rn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy jsme vybrali pro reprezentativn\u00ed dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed 12 v\u00fdrok\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b a spolehliv\u011b \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed P sample do t\u0159\u00ed skupin. Tyto v\u00fdroky jsou v P\u0159\u00edloze 2 vyzna\u010den\u00e9 tu\u010dn\u00fdm p\u00edsmem a n\u00ed\u017ee je tak\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00edme v Tabulce 1. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00fdroky (9 z 12). V\u00fdroky \u201eOdsun N\u011bmc\u016f byla chyba\u201c a \u201ePra\u017esk\u00fd hrad nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt dot\u010den restitucemi\u201c jsme museli na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enost\u00ed z Q sort pozm\u011bnit. Respondenti, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bli s v\u00fdroky nesouhlasit, si nebyli jist\u00ed, jestli spr\u00e1vn\u011b ch\u00e1peme jejich nesouhlas. Proto jsme v\u00fdroky p\u0159eformulovali takto: \u201eOdsun N\u011bmc\u016f byla spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 v\u011bc\u201c a \u201ePra\u017esk\u00fd hrad m\u00e1 b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed restituc\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vybran\u00e9 v\u00fdroky se spolu s \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;staly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed dotazn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 zkoumaly n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou pam\u011b\u0165 obyvatel \u010cR, k dispozici byly t\u0159i verze dotazn\u00edk\u016f. Prvn\u00ed pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorek obecn\u00e9 populace, druh\u00e1 pro rodi\u010de respondent\u016f ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edho vzorku a t\u0159et\u00ed pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9 d\u011bti respondent\u016f ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edho vzorku. Sb\u011br dat prob\u00edhal ve dvou kolech. V prvn\u00edm kole byly sebr\u00e1ny 1004 dotazn\u00edky formou CAPI.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Sb\u011br byl zam\u011b\u0159en na obecnou dosp\u011blou populaci \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Jednalo se o stratifikovan\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br s oporou adres z Registru s\u010d\u00edtac\u00edch obvod\u016f \u010cS\u00da, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u010cesk\u00e1 republika byla rozd\u011blen\u00e1 do 57 vz\u00e1jemn\u011b disjunktn\u00edch strat definovan\u00fdch na z\u00e1klad\u011b kombinace kraje a velikosti obce. Z t\u011bchto strat byly n\u00e1hodn\u011b vybr\u00e1ny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed s\u00eddeln\u00ed jednotky, z nich dom\u00e1cnosti a&nbsp;nakonec byli n\u00e1hodn\u011b ur\u010deni konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed respondenti. Druh\u00e9 kolo m\u011blo za c\u00edl zkompletovat data o dvojic\u00edch rodi\u010d-d\u00edt\u011b, proto se zam\u011b\u0159ovalo na&nbsp;dosp\u011bl\u00e9 d\u011bti nebo na rodi\u010de respondent\u016f z prvn\u00edho kola. Dot\u00e1z\u00e1no bylo 311 osob op\u011bt formou CAPI. Vzhledem k n\u00edzk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu kontakt\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch od respondent\u016f v prvn\u00edm kole byly ve druh\u00e9m kole osloveny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny kontakty. Od ka\u017ed\u00e9ho respondenta z prvn\u00edho kola byl osloven alespo\u0148 jeden kontakt. Pokud respondent v prvn\u00edm kole uvedl v\u00edce kontakt\u016f, byly kontakty osloveny v n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed a pokud byl s&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdm z kontakt\u016f proveden\u00fd rozhovor, dal\u0161\u00ed kontakty v po\u0159ad\u00ed ji\u017e osloveny nebyly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Revize \u00favodn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy \u2013 klasick\u00e9 proveden\u00ed Q metody<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po sebr\u00e1n\u00ed dat se vyskytl probl\u00e9m: jak ur\u010dit v\u00e1hu jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f pro studovan\u00e9 pohledy. Kombinace faktorov\u00e9 a regresn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy popsan\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e byla pom\u011brn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e1, pochopiteln\u00e1 a posta\u010dovala k v\u00fdb\u011bru v\u00fdrok\u016f, ale nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 na jej\u00edm z\u00e1klad\u011b stanovit v\u00e1hy jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f pro konstrukci Likertov\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l. Rozhodli jsme se tedy celou anal\u00fdzu sebran\u00fdch Q sort\u016f prov\u00e9st znovu, tentokr\u00e1t klasick\u00fdm nikoli alternativn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsme testovali p\u0159edpoklad, kter\u00fd je ve&nbsp;v\u0161ech textech o Q metod\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bn: \u017ee je Q metoda robustn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di poru\u0161en\u00e9 reprezentativit\u011b vzorku. N\u00e1\u0161 P sample toti\u017e obsahoval 23 \u017een do 25 let. Tvo\u0159ily tedy polovinu vzorku \u2013 m\u011blo by jich v\u0161ak b\u00fdt 5, aby jejich po\u010det propor\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00eddal po\u010dtu mu\u017e\u016f do 25 let a proporc\u00edm ostatn\u00edch kohort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z na\u0161eho P sample jsme n\u00e1hodn\u011b vygenerovali 30 vzork\u016f, a to tak, \u017ee&nbsp;jsme v\u017edy n\u00e1hodn\u011b vybrali, kter\u00fdch 5 studentek v P sample z\u016fstane a&nbsp;kter\u00fdch 18 z dan\u00e9ho vzorku vylou\u010d\u00edme. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9m z 30 vzork\u016f jsme provedli pat\u0159i\u010dnou anal\u00fdzu (popis viz n\u00ed\u017ee) pomoc\u00ed software PQMethod 2.35 [Schmolck 2014]. V\u00fdsledky v\u0161ech 30 anal\u00fdz jsme pak slou\u010dili do&nbsp;jedin\u00e9ho souboru a s pomoc\u00ed STATA jsme ov\u011b\u0159ili stabilitu v\u00fdsledk\u016f, kvalitu v\u00fdb\u011bru v\u00fdrok\u016f podle p\u0159edchoz\u00ed alternativn\u00ed metodiky a stabilitu stanoven\u00fdch vah (popis viz v dal\u0161\u00ed podkapitole).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V PQMethod jsme provedli faktorovou anal\u00fdzu metodou centroid\u016f a tak\u00e9 jsme si ov\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee ide\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det extrahovan\u00fdch faktor\u016f jsou dva. V software STATA jsme si ov\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee i v n\u011bm po v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 redukci P sample dosp\u011bjeme k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se dv\u011bma pohledy. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee po\u010det faktor\u016f v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na pou\u017eit\u00e9m software a tak\u00e9 \u017ee Q metoda nen\u00ed robustn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di v\u00fdrazn\u011b vych\u00fdlen\u00e9 reprezentativit\u011b P sample. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed se t\u0159emi pohledy tedy opou\u0161t\u00edme a d\u00e1le se budeme v textu \u2013 a\u017e na jedinou v\u00fdjimku \u2013 zab\u00fdvat pouze \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm s dv\u011bma faktory. Tou zm\u00edn\u011bnou v\u00fdjimkou je pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pas\u00e1\u017e textu, ve kter\u00e9 srovn\u00e1me, jak\u00e9 v\u00fdroky jsme vybrali pro dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b na\u0161eho alternativn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se t\u0159emi pohledy a jak\u00e9 bychom vybrali klasick\u00fdm postupem Q metody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dva extrahovan\u00e9 faktory jsme potom v software PQMethod rotovali ru\u010dn\u011b. Rotace pomoc\u00ed statistick\u00fdch algoritm\u016f se obvykle sna\u017e\u00ed o rovnom\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed faktorov\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed. My jsme v\u0161ak sledovali jin\u00fd c\u00edl \u2013 rotovat pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed tak, aby faktor \u010d. 1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed co nejv\u00edce diverzifikoval, tj. aby byla pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed rozprost\u0159ena po co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lce osy faktoru. Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed byla v\u017edy mezi faktory rozprost\u0159ena tak, \u017ee jejich \u00fatvar m\u011bl p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b doutn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar. Pooto\u010dili jsme pak faktory tak, aby osa doutn\u00edku byla p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00e1 s osou faktoru \u010d. 1. V\u00fdsledky rotace jsme ulo\u017eili a nechali automaticky ozna\u010dit, kter\u00e9 Q sorty jsou pro oba faktory typick\u00e9. Po\u010d\u00edtali jsme s t\u00edm, \u017ee jedn\u00e9 osob\u011b mohou b\u00fdt bl\u00edzk\u00e9 \u010di&nbsp;odporn\u00e9 oba dva pohledy na vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a historie. Proto jsme pro v\u00fdpo\u010det vah pou\u017eili jeden Q sort pro oba faktory, pokud sk\u00f3re bylo v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech vysok\u00e9 (absolutn\u00ed hodnota 0,4 a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;Na\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo stanovit v\u00e1hy pro v\u00fdroky vybran\u00e9 do reprezentativn\u00edho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Proto jsme dbali, aby se v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dvou vysok\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed osoba objevila u&nbsp;obou faktor\u016f. Z takto p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch dat PQMethod vypo\u010d\u00edtal v\u00e1hy jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sestrojen\u00ed vlastn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1stroje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e1hy z\u00edskan\u00e9 z PQMethod, jsme ulo\u017eili do STATA, kde jsme je d\u00e1le zpracovali. Tyto v\u00e1hy jsou ve v\u00fdstupu PQMethod ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako z-scores a jejich hodnoty se v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pohybovaly od t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 +3 a\u017e&nbsp;po t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 -3.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;Q metoda obvykle s t\u011bmito v\u00e1hami pracuje tak, \u017ee v\u00fdroky podle z-scores pro ka\u017ed\u00fd pohled se\u0159ad\u00ed od nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho po nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a&nbsp;pak v\u00fdrok\u016fm p\u0159id\u011bl\u00ed v\u00e1hu podle rozsahu a tvaru pseudo-norm\u00e1ln\u00edho rozd\u011blen\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00e9ho pro Q sort. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by to byly v\u00e1hy od +4 po -4 p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9 dle Obr\u00e1zku 1 (viz v\u00fd\u0161e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">My jsme tento postup nevyu\u017eili, a to z n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho d\u016fvodu \u2013 cht\u011bli jsme odhalit strukturu vztah\u016f mezi v\u00fdroky a to, jak spole\u010dn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed celistvou \u0161k\u00e1lu. P\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu vah ur\u010dit\u00e9 velikosti m\u00e1 v&nbsp;Q&nbsp;metod\u011b sv\u00e9 opodstatn\u011bn\u00ed, ale pro n\u00e1\u0161 \u00fa\u010del vhodn\u00e9 nen\u00ed. M\u00e1me-li nap\u0159. \u010dty\u0159i v\u00fdroky s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi z-sk\u00f3ry +2,84, +2,71, +1,87 a +1,83, p\u0159id\u011bl\u00ed v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prvn\u00edm t\u0159em klasick\u00fd postup stejnou v\u00e1hu +4, p\u0159esto\u017ee mezi druh\u00fdm a t\u0159et\u00edm v\u00fdrokem je rozd\u00edl 0,84, a \u010dtvrt\u00fd v\u00fdrok m\u00e1 o \u010dtvrtinu ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1hu, tedy +3, p\u0159esto\u017ee je mezi n\u00edm a t\u0159et\u00edm v\u00fdrokem rozd\u00edl 0,04. Nav\u00edc, v\u00e1hy v\u00fdrok\u016f od +4 po -4 jsou zbyte\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e9, pro na\u0161e \u00fa\u010dely zcela posta\u010d\u00ed v\u00e1hy ve spojit\u00e9m intervalu od -1 do +1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abychom vy\u0159e\u0161ili oba tyto probl\u00e9my, velikosti z-sk\u00f3r\u016f jsme standardizovali na \u0161k\u00e1le -1\/+1 pro ka\u017ed\u00fd faktor v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z 30 anal\u00fdz proveden\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed PQMethod. Z\u00edskali jsme tak pro ka\u017ed\u00fd pohled 30 sad vah pro&nbsp;v\u0161ech 48 v\u00fdrok\u016f. Pro konstrukci \u0161k\u00e1ly m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed u respondenta p\u0159\u00edtomnost dan\u00e9ho pohledu jsme pak pou\u017eili pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00e1hy p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f. Do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry byly jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky stabiln\u00ed, ukazuje Obr\u00e1zek \u010d.&nbsp;2 (viz v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed podkapitole n\u00ed\u017ee) \u2013 \u010d\u00edm je p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd boxplot del\u0161\u00ed a&nbsp;\u010d\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed jsou jeho vousy, t\u00edm je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozptyl hodnot a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00e1ha je m\u00e9n\u011b spolehliv\u00e1. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00e1hy, kter\u00e9 byly pou\u017eity ke konstrukci \u0161k\u00e1l, jsou v Tabulce \u010d. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-17.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1056\" title=\"QMET_Tab1.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-17.jpg 520w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-17-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-17-101x75.jpg 101w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-17-480x357.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 520px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u016f\u017eeme si v\u0161imnout, \u017ee u pohledu A p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed negativn\u00ed v\u00e1hy \u2013 tento pohled tedy reprezentuje odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b restituc\u00ed Pra\u017esk\u00e9ho Hradu a siln\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed V\u00e1noc a Nov\u00e9ho Roku s Kristem a matkou Bo\u017e\u00ed. Pohled B pouze v\u00fdrazn\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1 interpretaci Klementa Gottwalda jako p\u0159\u00e1telsky nalad\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u016f\u010di c\u00edrkvi, ale jinak zde dominuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e pozitivn\u00ed v\u00e1hy. Nap\u0159. interpretace Masaryka jako duchovn\u00ed osobnosti, duchovn\u00ed interpretace V\u00e1noc a p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed Jana Nepomuck\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u016f\u017eeme si tak\u00e9 v\u0161imnout, \u017ee mezi v\u00e1hami nenajdeme \u017e\u00e1dnou o velikosti p\u0159esn\u011b -1 \u010di +1. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdroku 27 (duchovn\u00ed interpretace V\u00e1noc) to je t\u00edm, \u017ee ne\u0161lo o minimum ve v\u0161ech 30 anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch byl tento v\u00fdrok jen p\u0159edposledn\u00ed, pro\u010de\u017e pr\u016fm\u011br vych\u00e1z\u00ed -0,98. Ale to, \u017ee u druh\u00e9ho pohledu chyb\u00ed minimum a u obou maxima, je d\u00e1no n\u011b\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm. Rozhodli jsme se prov\u00e9st standardizaci v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch anal\u00fdz jako celk\u016f, nikoli pouze mezi 12 vybran\u00fdmi v\u00fdroky. A proto\u017ee ji\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee&nbsp;nebyly vybr\u00e1ny v\u00fdroky, kter\u00e9 byly pozitivn\u00edmi extr\u00e9my obou \u0161k\u00e1l, logicky pak nem\u016f\u017eeme nal\u00e9zt hodnoty t\u011bsn\u011b atakuj\u00edc\u00ed +1. Rozhodnut\u00ed standardizovat v\u00e1hy v r\u00e1mci v\u0161ech 48 v\u00fdrok\u016f a ne jen mezi vybran\u00fdmi 12 v\u00fdroky jsme u\u010dinili pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee mezi 12 vybran\u00fdmi v\u00fdroky pozitivn\u00ed maxima maj\u00ed k +1 mnohem d\u00e1l, ne\u017e negativn\u00ed maxima k -1. P\u0159i&nbsp;standardizaci v r\u00e1mci vybran\u00e9 sady v\u00fdrok\u016f tak hrozilo, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00e1hy bl\u00edzk\u00e9 0, se stanou slab\u011b \u010di siln\u011bji pozitivn\u00ed, tak\u00e9 \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 negativn\u00ed v\u00e1hy se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed 0, a t\u00edm v\u0161\u00edm se tak zcela vytrat\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00e1ha, kterou v\u00fdroku p\u0159i\u0159kl P sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak je uvedeno v pozn\u00e1mce u Tabulky \u010d. 1, pro fin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly nebyly vyu\u017eity 3 v\u00fdroky. Tyto t\u0159i v\u00fdroky jako jedin\u00e9 nepropojuj\u00ed historii s n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Anal\u00fdzy v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee propojen\u00ed historie s n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm je pro&nbsp;odli\u0161en\u00ed obou pohled\u016f kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9. Proto d\u00e1le stav\u00edme jen na 9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch v\u00fdroc\u00edch, zahrnujeme i ty s n\u00edzkou vahou. Na\u0161\u00edm \u00fakolem a c\u00edlem je odhalit kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 body v kolektivn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pam\u011bti \u010desk\u00e9 populace, nikoli body v cel\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti, proto ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm nem\u016f\u017eeme v\u011bnovat stejnou pozornost. Ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00fdroky jsou v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u2013 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed vymezit m\u00edsto n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f, zda jsou p\u0159ijateln\u00e9, \u010di nikoli a tak je d\u00edky ne-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm mnohem l\u00e9pe ur\u010den\u00e1 v\u00e1ha t\u011bch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f alternativn\u00edho a klasick\u00e9ho proveden\u00ed Q metody<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy<a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;a v\u00fdsledk\u016f opakovan\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy 30 n\u00e1hodn\u011b redukovan\u00fdch P samples p\u0159inesla dv\u011b p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed. Za prv\u00e9, p\u016fvodn\u00ed anal\u00fdza, kter\u00e1 nebyla robustn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di nadreprezentaci mlad\u00fdch \u017een, p\u0159edpov\u00eddala t\u0159i pohledy na roli n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch, nov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza nalezla jen dva pohledy \u2013 vytratil se t\u0159et\u00ed pohled, kter\u00fd vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a d\u011bjin ignoruje. Mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny tvo\u0159ily polovinu na\u0161eho P sample, byl mezi nimi z\u0159ejm\u011b dostatek t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a&nbsp;d\u011bjin ignorovaly, a proto se t\u0159et\u00ed pohled jevil jako dostate\u010dn\u011b zastoupen\u00fd. Kdy\u017e jsme po\u010det mlad\u00fdch \u017een v P sample n\u00e1hodn\u011b redukovali na&nbsp;odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00edl, tak se z\u00e1stupci ignoruj\u00edc\u00edho pohledu p\u0159i\u0159adili k&nbsp;jednomu ze dvou nalezen\u00fdch pohled\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159etrvaly navzdory n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 redukci P sample, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se um\u00edstili v neutr\u00e1ln\u00edm st\u0159edu \u0161k\u00e1l obou pohled\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Za druh\u00e9, p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee v\u00fdsledky potvrdily p\u016fvodn\u00ed volbu v\u00fdrok\u016f \u2013 pokud bychom m\u00edsto p\u016fvodn\u00ed kombinace faktorov\u00e9 a regresn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy d\u016fsledn\u011b uplatnili Q metodu, dosp\u011bli bychom k p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e9 sad\u011b v\u00fdrok\u016f vybran\u00e9 pro dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Intuitivn\u011b bychom mo\u017en\u00e1 \u010dekali, \u017ee zm\u011bna v po\u010dtu nalezen\u00fdch pohled\u016f by se m\u011bla projevit i ve volb\u011b v\u00fdrok\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed mezi z\u00e1stupci jednotliv\u00fdch pohled\u016f rozli\u0161ovat. Pouze jedin\u00fd v\u00fdrok \u2013 t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se K. H. Borovsk\u00e9ho \u2013 m\u011bl v\u00e1hy pro ob\u011b \u0161k\u00e1ly bl\u00edzk\u00e9 0. A oba v\u00fdroky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se B\u00edl\u00e9 Hory m\u011bly v\u00e1hy pro ob\u011b \u0161k\u00e1ly do 0,35. V\u0161ech 9 zbyl\u00fdch vybran\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f m\u011blo alespo\u0148 jednu v\u00e1hu kolem 0,5 nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee alternativn\u00edm postupem (viz v\u00fd\u0161e), jsme nevybrali v\u0161echny v\u00fdroky s nejextr\u00e9mn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vahou, tj. reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed konce \u0161k\u00e1ly. Ale op\u011bt se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee to nebylo na \u0161kodu \u2013 tyto v\u00fdroky obvykle \u010dasto reprezentovaly extr\u00e9m obou \u0161k\u00e1l, resp. pohled\u016f. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to platilo o pozitivn\u00edm konci \u0161k\u00e1ly, jak je vid\u011bt na Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 2. Pokud n\u011bkter\u00fd v\u00fdrok reprezentoval pozitivn\u00ed konec \u0161k\u00e1ly A, z\u00e1rove\u0148 velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b dob\u0159e reprezentoval pozitivn\u00ed konec \u0161k\u00e1ly B. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem takov\u00fd v\u00fdrok dob\u0159e nerozli\u0161oval mezi pohledy. Za\u0159azen\u00ed takov\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f do reprezentativn\u00edho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed se nedoporu\u010duje a n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edstup n\u00e1s toho dok\u00e1zal vyvarovat (krom t\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsme diskutovali v\u00fd\u0161e). Na Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 2 je tak\u00e9 vid\u011bt, \u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 odli\u0161nosti jsou na negativn\u00edch konc\u00edch \u0161k\u00e1ly. A pokud jsou tyto odli\u0161nosti i spolehliv\u00e9, v\u011bt\u0161inou se n\u00e1m takov\u00e9 v\u00fdroky pomoc\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed metodiky (viz v\u00fd\u0161e) poda\u0159ilo vybrat.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"803\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-14.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1058\" title=\"QMET_Obr2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-14.jpg 567w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-14-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-14-53x75.jpg 53w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-14-480x680.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 567px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed zkonstruovan\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anal\u00fdza dat z Q sort uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v na\u0161em P sample dominuj\u00ed dva typy pohled\u016f na roli n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v historii. Prvn\u00ed pohled naz\u00fdv\u00e1me separatistick\u00fd [A], proto\u017ee je charakteristick\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee historii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed aktivn\u011b odd\u011bluje a ost\u0159e se vymezuje proti tendenci historii a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed propojovat. Druh\u00fd pohled naz\u00fdv\u00e1me spiritu\u00e1ln\u00ed [B], proto\u017ee vn\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako p\u0159irozenou sou\u010d\u00e1st pohledu na historii \u2013 neodm\u00edt\u00e1 duchovn\u00ed interpretaci ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, osobnost\u00ed, m\u00edst a sv\u00e1tk\u016f a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch vybran\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech tuto interpretaci p\u0159\u00edmo podporuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00edky anal\u00fdze dat z Q sort m\u00e1me k dispozici v\u00e1hy, d\u00edky kter\u00fdm jsme mohli zkonstruovat pro ka\u017ed\u00fd ze dvou v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch pohled\u016f Likertovu \u0161k\u00e1lu. Jako nejlep\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se uk\u00e1zaly Likertovy \u0161k\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 byly zalo\u017een\u00e9 na 9 v\u00fdroc\u00edch prezentuj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pohled. Tedy, vyn\u00e1sobili jsme v\u00e1hou stupe\u0148 ne\/souhlasu s v\u00fdrokem a v\u00fdsledky se\u010detli, pro&nbsp;ka\u017ed\u00e9ho respondenta z reprezentativn\u00edho souboru tak m\u00e1me dva \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Prvn\u00ed n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, jak moc je respondentovi bl\u00edzk\u00fd separatistick\u00fd pohled [A], a druh\u00fd, jak moc je mu bl\u00edzk\u00fd spiritu\u00e1ln\u00ed pohled [B]. V\u00fdsledek vid\u00edme na Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 3.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-14.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1060\" title=\"QMET_Obr3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-14.jpg 520w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-14-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-14-109x75.jpg 109w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-14-480x331.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 520px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na\u0161e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je, \u017ee se religiozita odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i interpretaci n\u00e1rodn\u00ed historie \u2013 nejen v na\u0161em P sample, ale i reprezentativn\u00edm vzorku \u010desk\u00e9 populace jsou p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 dva pohledy na vztah n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a historie: separatistick\u00fd [A] a spiritu\u00e1ln\u00ed [B]. V obou f\u00e1z\u00edch v\u00fdzkumu jsme pou\u017eili tvrzen\u00ed jak n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00e1, tak tvrzen\u00ed prost\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 interpretace. Pokud by v prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi v\u00fdzkumu nikomu ze 46 respondent\u016f na\u0161eho P sample nevadil nebo nevyjad\u0159oval vlastn\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00fd v\u00fdrok, \u0161k\u00e1ly by se v\u016fbec nepoda\u0159ilo sestavit. V\u00e1hy v\u0161ech n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00fdch polo\u017eek by byly bl\u00edzk\u00e9 0, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 by se ani nep\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila -1\/+1 \u2013 tak tomu ale nen\u00ed, respondenti na&nbsp;n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00e9 polo\u017eky reagovali a v\u00e1ha n\u011bkter\u00fdch z nich se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila +1 a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm -1 (viz Tabulku \u010d. 1 v\u00fd\u0161e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 3 zase vid\u00edme, \u017ee reakce na v\u00fdroky nebyla pouze z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed P sample \u2013 tak\u00e9 ve vzorku \u010desk\u00e9 populace jsme zaznamenali odm\u00edtav\u00e9 a souhlasn\u00e9 reakce v\u016f\u010di n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm. Ob\u011b \u0161k\u00e1ly jsou zalo\u017een\u00e9 pouze na n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00fdch v\u00fdroc\u00edch, pokud by se respondent\u016f nedot\u00fdkaly a respondenti by jim tak d\u00e1vali neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdi 0 m\u00edsto kladn\u00fdch \u010di z\u00e1porn\u00fdch hodnocen\u00ed, oba grafy by se zmen\u0161ily na \u00fazkou oblast kolem bodu 0. Tak tomu ale nen\u00ed, v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech se prost\u0159edn\u00ed polovina souboru rozprost\u0159ela v \u00faseku minim\u00e1ln\u011b 5 bod\u016f (symbolizuje to box uprost\u0159ed) a doln\u00ed a horn\u00ed \u010dtvrtina se nap\u00ednaj\u00ed sm\u011brem k minimu a maximu \u0161k\u00e1ly. Z toho v\u0161eho m\u016f\u017eeme usoudit, \u017ee&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e1 populace na n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zabarven\u00e9 v\u00fdroky reaguje a \u017ee paleta jej\u00edch reakc\u00ed je pestr\u00e1 \u2013 my jsme tyto reakce sjednotili do dvou \u0161k\u00e1l, kter\u00e9 prezentujeme v\u00fd\u0161e (Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Diskuse relativn\u00ed povahy v\u00fdsledk\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jeliko\u017e jsou sestrojen\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly relativn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, jsme schopni jen omezen\u011b vypov\u00eddat o \u010desk\u00e9 populaci jako celku. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u0161k\u00e1l zkonstruovan\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed Q metody, nem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159in\u00e9st jeden agregovan\u00fd \u00fadaj, kter\u00fd by n\u011bco vypov\u00eddal o populaci jako celku. Nem\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edct, zda \u010desk\u00e1 populace preferuje v\u00edce spiritu\u00e1ln\u00ed pohled [B], nebo separatistick\u00fd pohled [A]. Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou jsou m\u00edry popisuj\u00edc\u00ed diverzitu a distribuci populace na pou\u017eit\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l\u00e1ch (vyz v\u00fd\u0161e koment\u00e1\u0159e Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 3), ale&nbsp;tyto \u00fadaje jsou vlastn\u011b zalo\u017een\u00e9 na relac\u00edch mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi pozorov\u00e1n\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1062\" title=\"QMET_Obr4.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-13.jpg 520w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-13-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-13-106x75.jpg 106w, https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-13-480x341.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 480px, 520px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Relativn\u00ed podstatu Q metody (a tak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroj\u016f konstruovan\u00fdch s jej\u00ed pomoc\u00ed) je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v potaz p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu. Prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je aplikovat tento p\u0159\u00edstup na probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je svou povahou relativn\u00ed (srovn\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch podskupin, srovn\u00e1n\u00ed popula\u010dn\u00edho ukazatele p\u0159ed&nbsp;a&nbsp;po zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 intervenci atd.). Tento p\u0159\u00edstup m\u016f\u017eeme ilustrovat na Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 4, kde lze sledovat genera\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kolektivn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pam\u011bti, srovn\u00e1v\u00e1me tedy skupinu rodi\u010d\u016f se skupinou jejich d\u011bt\u00ed. V lev\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 4 vid\u00edme, \u017ee pohled [A] velmi m\u00edrn\u011b posiluje (prvn\u00ed a&nbsp;druh\u00fd boxplot). Zm\u011bna je v\u0161ak velmi volatiln\u00ed (t\u0159et\u00ed boxplot) \u2013 n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u011bti se ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s rodi\u010di k tomuto pohledu velmi siln\u011b p\u0159iklonili, jin\u00e9 se od n\u011bj zase velmi siln\u011b odklonili. By\u0165 je tedy \u010dist\u00e1 mezigenera\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bna velmi m\u00edrn\u00e1 (n\u00e1r\u016fst o 0,70 bodu), hrub\u00e1 zm\u011bna na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f je masivn\u00ed (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd posun na jeden p\u00e1r je 3,35 bodu). Pohled [B] naopak oslabuje (\u010dtvrt\u00fd a p\u00e1t\u00fd boxplot), dokonce je toto oslaben\u00ed (1,03 bodu) o n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pos\u00edlen\u00ed separatistick\u00e9ho pohledu [A]. Zm\u011bna je ale m\u00e9n\u011b volatiln\u00ed (t\u0159et\u00ed a \u0161est\u00fd boxplot) \u2013 z grafu je vid\u011bt, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zm\u011bn u spiritu\u00e1ln\u00edho pohledu [B] je rozp\u011bt\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edch zm\u011bn men\u0161\u00ed, tak\u00e9 rozp\u011bt\u00ed mezi prvn\u00edm a t\u0159et\u00edm kvartilem je men\u0161\u00ed (pohled [A] 5,0 bodu, pohled [B] 3,9 bodu). M\u016f\u017eeme tedy \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u010dist\u00e1 zm\u011bna v\u00fdvoje \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed pam\u011bti je m\u00edrn\u00e1, doprov\u00e1z\u00ed ji v\u0161ak v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 hrub\u00e1 zm\u011bna. M\u00edrn\u011b posiluje separatistick\u00fd pohled [A], u kter\u00e9ho je i&nbsp;m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dist\u00e1 zm\u011bna, a oslabuje spiritu\u00e1ln\u00ed pohled [B], u kter\u00e9ho je i&nbsp;slab\u0161\u00ed hrub\u00e1 zm\u011bna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed jak reagovat na relativn\u00ed povahu Q metody je pomoc\u00ed jin\u00fdch metod kalibrovat na\u0161e relativn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje. Kalibraci p\u0159\u00edhodn\u011b ilustruje \u010dl\u00e1nek Havl\u00edkov\u00e9 [2016], jeho\u017e metodologick\u00e9 pozad\u00ed jsme popsali v\u00fd\u0161e v pas\u00e1\u017ei v\u011bnovan\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed Q sort a klasick\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l. Pomoc\u00ed klasick\u00e9ho postupu Havl\u00edkov\u00e1 zjistila, \u017ee obyvatel\u00e9 Karlov\u00fdch Var\u016f vid\u00ed ve zdej\u0161\u00edm filmov\u00e9m festivalu v\u00edce m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu v\u0161ech 23 hodnocen\u00fdch jev\u016f. Pokud bychom tedy na z\u00e1klad\u011b Q metody sestrojili vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dopadu Karlovarsk\u00e9ho festivalu, v\u00edme, \u017ee jako celek je posunut\u00fd sm\u011brem k rozhodn\u00e9mu souhlasu, proto\u017ee respondenti maj\u00ed tendenci s ka\u017edou polo\u017ekou v pr\u016fm\u011bru souhlasit. Pokud bychom n\u00e1stroj p\u0159enesli do jin\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nutn\u00e9 jej znovu kalibrovat paraleln\u00edm proveden\u00edm klasick\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed polo\u017eek. Ostatn\u011b, opakovan\u00e1 kalibrace by byla vhodn\u00e1 i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b opakovan\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dopadu Karlovarsk\u00e9ho festivalu \u2013 tendence obyvatel s ka\u017edou polo\u017ekou v pr\u016fm\u011bru souhlasit se m\u016f\u017ee v \u010dase m\u011bnit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Rozvaha ke zku\u0161enostem s konstrukc\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly pomoc\u00ed Q&nbsp;metody pro v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u010dl\u00e1nku byla stru\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edstavena Q metoda \u2013 zp\u016fsob zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed subjektivity c\u00edlov\u00e9 populace. Bylo tak\u00e9 demonstrov\u00e1no, jak lze prakticky v\u00fdstupy z Q metody uplatnit v dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 jak vybrat vhodn\u00e9 baterie v\u00fdrok\u016f, jak z nich sestavit \u0161k\u00e1ly a jak jim p\u0159ipsat odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1hy. Z na\u0161\u00ed praktick\u00e9 demonstrace vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u0159i pou\u010den\u00ed. Zaprv\u00e9, Likertovy \u0161k\u00e1ly sestrojen\u00e9 d\u00edky Q metod\u011b jsou relativn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje \u2013 jsou schopn\u00e9 zachytit relativn\u00ed postaven\u00ed respondent\u016f v\u016f\u010di sob\u011b navz\u00e1jem a&nbsp;jejich postoje v\u016f\u010di pou\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm. Nav\u00edc v\u00edme jak\u00fdm sm\u011brem je sestrojen\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la orientovan\u00e1. Nev\u00edme ale, jak\u00e9 absolutn\u00ed hodnot\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 st\u0159ed \u0161k\u00e1ly sestrojen\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Vzhledem k relativn\u00ed povaze jsou takov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 tam, kde chceme srovn\u00e1vat. M\u00e1 smysl uva\u017eovat o t\u0159ech srovn\u00e1n\u00edch: (a) srovn\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch podskupin z hlediska agregovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f (nap\u0159. pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 sk\u00f3re),<br>kter\u00e9ho dos\u00e1hly na jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l\u00e1ch, (b) srovn\u00e1n\u00ed rozd\u00edl\u016f dvojic pokud m\u00e1me p\u00e1rov\u00e1 data nap\u0159. nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd \u2013 pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd, d\u00edt\u011b \u2013 rodi\u010d, partne\u0159i atd., (c) srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010dase: sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje agregovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f c\u00edlov\u00e9 populace nebo jej\u00edch podskupin pomoc\u00ed opakovan\u00fdch pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, individu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj pak m\u016f\u017eeme sledovat pomoc\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00edch dat z panelov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zadruh\u00e9, ani p\u0159i aplikaci Q metody nesm\u00edme podce\u0148ovat reprezentativitu P sample. Jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed se n\u00e1m jev\u00ed propor\u010dn\u011b vyrovnan\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed dot\u010den\u00fdch skupin \u2013 je dobr\u00e9, kdy\u017e ka\u017edou podskupinu c\u00edlov\u00e9 populace ve vzorku reprezentuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b shodn\u00fd po\u010det respondent\u016f. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edkladu v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my zp\u016fsobila v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 nadreprezentace jedn\u00e9 ze&nbsp;\u0161esti skupin dan\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed v\u011bku a pohlav\u00ed. Uk\u00e1zali jsme, \u017ee i tento probl\u00e9m je \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00fd pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 redukce nadreprezentovan\u00e9 podskupiny na odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed velikost. Nen\u00ed to v\u0161ak ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, nebo\u0165 ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1ro\u010dnost zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 n\u00e1hodnou redukci je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st opakovan\u011b a pro ka\u017edou verzi redukovan\u00e9ho vzorku je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st anal\u00fdzu (v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edkladu jsme ji provedli 30 kr\u00e1t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zat\u0159et\u00ed, je vhodn\u00e9 se dr\u017eet osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9ho postupu Q metody a pou\u017e\u00edvat k&nbsp;n\u011bmu prov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd software (zde to byl freeware PQMethod 2.35). Uk\u00e1zali jsme, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st pomoc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho statistick\u00e9ho bal\u00edku (zde STATA) kombinaci faktorov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy a regrese. Toto alternativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bylo pom\u011brn\u011b rychl\u00e9 (nevy\u017eadovalo zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed nov\u00e9ho software) a pom\u011brn\u011b spolehliv\u011b n\u00e1m pomohlo vybrat v\u00fdroky, kter\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bpily P sample a&nbsp;pota\u017emo i c\u00edlovou populaci. Bez pomoci PQMethod jsme v\u0161ak nedok\u00e1zali stanovit v\u00e1hy v\u00fdrok\u016f pro sestrojen\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1l. Investovat \u010das a energii do&nbsp;zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed PQMethod \u010di podobn\u00e9ho software se n\u00e1m nyn\u00ed jev\u00ed jako nezbytn\u00e9, jeliko\u017e Q metodu v kombinaci s dotazn\u00edkov\u00fdm \u0161et\u0159en\u00edm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, abychom vybrali pro dotazn\u00edk vhodnou baterii v\u00fdrok\u016f a zkonstruovali z nich \u0161k\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Mo\u017enosti Q metody jsou mnohem \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jak bylo demonstrov\u00e1no na&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edkladu kolektivn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pam\u011bti. Nab\u00edz\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u011bt se \u010dleny c\u00edlov\u00e9 populace rozhovory nebo focus groups p\u0159ed samotnou aplikac\u00ed Q&nbsp;metody, pak je z nich mo\u017en\u00e9 extrahovat tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 pou\u017eijeme v&nbsp;Q&nbsp;metod\u011b. V\u00fdpov\u011bdi participant\u016f tak vytvo\u0159\u00ed specifick\u00fd concourse. Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 m\u00edsto pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed pro evaluaci vyu\u017e\u00edt panelov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, nebo opakovan\u00e9 pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. P\u0159ed zaveden\u00edm intervence bychom sebrali concourse a z n\u011bj vybrali Q sample, extrahovali typy subjektivit a sestavili baterie a \u0161k\u00e1ly. Tyto \u0161k\u00e1ly pak m\u016f\u017eeme aplikovat v&nbsp;dotazov\u00e1n\u00edch, kter\u00e9 prob\u011bhnou p\u0159ed a po intervenci. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme i po intervenci je\u0161t\u011b celou Q metodu znovu zopakovat, abychom se ujistili, \u017ee intervence nezp\u016fsobila vznik nov\u00fdch typ\u016f subjektivit, a&nbsp;\u017ee&nbsp;tud\u00ed\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159ed i po intervenci stejn\u00e9 baterie v\u00fdrok\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u0161em koleg\u016fm z projektu \u201eKontinuita a diskontinuity v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pam\u011bti v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice\u201c za podn\u011btn\u00e9 diskuse nad p\u0159\u00edpravou Q sample a spolupr\u00e1ci p\u0159i realizaci Q metody a v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. D\u011bkuji tak\u00e9 dv\u011bma anonymn\u00edm recenzent\u016fm, jejich\u017e p\u0159ipom\u00ednky pomohly zlep\u0161it v\u00fdslednou podobu textu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ASSMANN, J. 1995. \u201eColective Memory and Cultural Identity\u201c.&nbsp;<em>New German Critique<\/em>&nbsp;65: 125\u2013133.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ASSMANN, J. 2008. \u201eCommunicative and Cultural Memory\u201c. Pp.<br>109\u2013118 in: Astrid Erll, Ansgar N\u00fcnning (eds.).&nbsp;<em>Media and Cultural Memory<\/em>. Berlin \u2013 New York: Walter de Gruyter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; COMREY, A. L., HOWARD B. L. 2013.&nbsp;<em>A First Course in Factor Analysis<\/em>. New York: Psychology Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DANIELSON, S. 2009. \u201eQ Method and Surveys: Three Ways to Combine Q and R.\u201c&nbsp;<em>Field Methods<\/em>&nbsp;21(3): 219\u2013237.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DAVIS, Ch. H., CAROLYN M. 2011. \u201eQ Methodology in Audience Research: Bridging the Qualitative\/Quantitative \u2018Divide\u2019?\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Participations<\/em>&nbsp;8(2): 559\u2013593.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DOST\u00c1L, J. 2015. \u201eThe Draft of The Competencial Model of the Teacher in the Context of the Inquiry-Based Instruction\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;186: 998\u20131006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HA, Eun-Ho. 2017. \u201eHow Clinical Nurses in South Korea Perceive the&nbsp;Status of the Nursing Profession: A Q-Methodological Approach\u201c.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Nursing Practice<\/em>&nbsp;23(2): 1\u20138.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HAVL\u00cdKOV\u00c1, M. 2016. \u201eLikert Scale Versus Q-Table Measures \u2013 A Comparison of Host Community Perceptions of a Film Festival\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism<\/em>&nbsp;16(2): 196\u2013207.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HOMOLOV\u00c1, K. 2007. \u201e\u010cten\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v&nbsp;syst\u00e9mu hodnot a norem pubescenta\u201c.&nbsp;<em>e-Pedagogium<\/em>&nbsp;7(2): 36\u201351.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[10]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HONZ\u00cdKOV\u00c1, J, JANOVEC, J. 2012. \u201eProblematika osvojov\u00e1n\u00ed psychomotorick\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed\u201c.&nbsp;<em>\u010casopis pro technickou a informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdchovu<\/em>&nbsp;4(1): 34\u201339.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[11]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; JE\u0158\u00c1BEK, H. 2003. \u201eM\u011b\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1zorov\u00e9ho v\u016fdcovstv\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch sociologick\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumech\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Sociologick\u00fd \u010dasopis<\/em>&nbsp;39(5): 687\u2013706.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[12]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KATOMERO, J., HOPPE, R., WESSELINK, A. 2017. \u201eTales of Accountability: A Q-Method Study of Discourses amongst Tanzanian Members of&nbsp;Parliament\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Modern African Studies&nbsp;<\/em>55(3): 423\u2013453.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KENNEDY, B. A. 2013. \u201eSorting Through: The Role of Representation in&nbsp;Bureaucracy\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory<\/em>&nbsp;23(4): 791\u2013816.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KROP\u00c1\u010cOV\u00c1, J. 2005. \u201eV\u00fduka \u017e\u00e1ka s&nbsp;odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem\u201c.<br><em>e-Pedagogium<\/em>&nbsp;5(2): 42\u201354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; KUBRICK\u00dd, J., \u010c\u00c1STKOV\u00c1, P. 2015. \u201eTeacher\u2019s Competences for the Use of Web Pages in Teaching as a Part of Technical Education Teacher\u2019s ICT Competences\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;174: 3236\u20133242.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[16]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LOGO, E. 2013. \u201eQ-method Based Environmental Awareness Measurement in Transportation\u201c.&nbsp;<em>International Journal for Traffic and Transportation Engeneering<\/em>&nbsp;3(1): 45\u201355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; MATO\u0160KOV\u00c1, J., GARCZARZOV\u00c1, L., KOV\u00c1\u0158\u00cdK, M. 2016. \u201ePou\u017eit\u00ed Q&nbsp;metodologie p\u0159i tvorb\u011b n\u00e1stroje pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tacitn\u00edch znalost\u00ed vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdch student\u016f\u201c.&nbsp;<em>e-Pedagogium<\/em>&nbsp;16(1): 14\u201327.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Methodology-Quantitative-Applications-Social-Sciences\/dp\/1452242194\">MCKEOWN, B., THOMAS, D. 2013.&nbsp;<em>Q Methodology<\/em>. 2<sup>nd<\/sup>&nbsp;ed. Newbury Park: Sage.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[19]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; MOKR\u00dd, S., DUFEK, O. 2014. \u201eQ Method and Its Use for Segmentation in&nbsp;Tourism\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Procedia \u2013 Economics and Finance<\/em>&nbsp;12: 445\u2013452.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[20]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; NAVR\u00c1TIL, J., P\u00cdCHA, K., KNOTEK, J., KU\u010cERA, T., NAVR\u00c1TILOV\u00c1, J., RAJCHARD, J. 2013. \u201eComparison of Attractiveness of Tourist Sites for&nbsp;Ecotourism and Mass Tourism: The Case of Waters in Mountainous Protected Area\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Tourismos<\/em>&nbsp;8(1): 35\u201351.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[21]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; NEKOLA, M. 2012. \u201ePragmatists, Prohibitionists and Preventionists in&nbsp;Czech Drug Policy.\u201c&nbsp;<em>Central European Journal of Public Policy<\/em>&nbsp;6(2): 56\u201383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[22]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OLICK, J. K., VINITZKY-SEROUSSI, V., LEVY, D. (eds.). 2011.&nbsp;<em>The Collective Memory Reader<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[23]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SCHMOLCK, P. 2014.&nbsp;<em>PQ Method for Windows, Ver 2.35<\/em>. (software). [on-line] http:\/\/schmolck.userweb.mwn.de\/qmethod\/downpqwin.htm (cit. dne 17. 8. 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[24]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STEPHENSON, W. 1935a. \u201cTechnique of Factor Analysis.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>&nbsp;136: 297.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[25]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STEPHENSON, W. 1935b. \u201cCorrelating Persons instead of Tests.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Character and Personality<\/em>&nbsp;4(1): 17\u201324.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[26]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STEPHENSON, W. 1936a. \u201cThe Inverted Factor Technique.\u201d&nbsp;<em>British Journal of Psychology<\/em>&nbsp;26(4): 344\u2013361.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[27]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STEPHENSON, W. 1936b. \u201cIntroduction to Inverted Factor Analysis, with&nbsp;Applications to Studies in Orexis.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>&nbsp;27(5): 353\u2013367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[28]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; STEPHENSON, W. 1936c. \u201cFoundations of Psychometry: Four Factor Systems.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Psychometrika<\/em>&nbsp;1(3): 195\u2013209.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[29]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0160UBRT, J., VINOPAL, J. a kolektiv. 2013.&nbsp;<em>Historick\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed obyvatel \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky perspektivou sociologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu<\/em>. Praha: Karolinum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[30]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; VALA, J. 2014. \u201eAge Variable Student\u2019s Personal Characteristics and&nbsp;Their Reader\u2019s preferences\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;112: 270\u2013276.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[31]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WOUTERS, S., VAN EXEL, J., BAKER, R., BROUWER, W. B. F. 2017. \u201ePriority to End of Life Treatments? Views of the Public in the Netherlands\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Value in Health<\/em>&nbsp;20(1): 107\u2013117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[32]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ZAGATA, L. 2010. \u201eHow Organic Farmers View Their Own Practice: Results from Czech Republic\u201c.&nbsp;<em>Agriculture and Human Values<\/em>&nbsp;27(3):<br>277\u2013290.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Ji\u017e v&nbsp;roce 2014 jsme zakoupili od spole\u010dnosti AnoPress datab\u00e1zi 115&nbsp;841 \u010dl\u00e1nku z&nbsp;let 1996-2013, kter\u00e9 vy\u0161ly v&nbsp;celost\u00e1tn\u00edch den\u00edc\u00edch a kter\u00e9 se n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem t\u00fdkaly n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, tj. obsahovaly jedno z&nbsp;kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch slov: c\u00edrkev, c\u00edrkevn\u00ed, k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd, religiozita, religi\u00f3zn\u00ed, sekta, sekty, sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd, budhismus, budhista, hinduismus, hinduista, isl\u00e1m, muslim, judaismus, sakr\u00e1ln\u00ed, posv\u00e1tn\u00fd, prof\u00e1nn\u00ed, v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, ateismus, ateista a bezv\u011brec. Vyb\u00edrali jsme v\u0161ak pouze ze \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vy\u0161ly v&nbsp;l\u00e9tech 2010-2013, aby zkouman\u00fd concourse byl co nejsou\u010dasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Seznam jsme je\u0161t\u011b doplnili o \u010desk\u00e9 osobnosti uveden\u00e9 na str\u00e1nce&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.czech.cz\/cz\/66365-osobnosti-ceske-historie\">http:\/\/www.czech.cz\/cz\/<br>66365-osobnosti-ceske-historie<\/a>&nbsp;(cit. dne 17. 8. 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Kombinace faktorov\u00e9 a regresn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy na pln\u00e9m P sample se 46 participanty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0158\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, kter\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u011bla hodnocen\u00ed cel\u00e9 baterie v\u00fdrok\u016f, pak zn\u011bla:&nbsp;<em>\u201eNyn\u00ed V\u00e1m p\u0159e\u010dtu 12 v\u00fdrok\u016f o postav\u00e1ch, ud\u00e1lostech, sv\u00e1tc\u00edch a m\u00edstech spjat\u00fdch s \u010desk\u00fdmi d\u011bjinami. U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mi pros\u00edm \u0159ekn\u011bte, jak moc vyjad\u0159uje Va\u0161e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, nebo jak moc Va\u0161emu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed odporuje. Pokud se s v\u00fdrokem maxim\u00e1ln\u011b ztoto\u017e\u0148ujete, dejte mu +4 body, pokud se s n\u00edm ztoto\u017e\u0148ujete, ale&nbsp;slab\u011bji, dejte mu m\u00e9n\u011b kladn\u00fdch bod\u016f. Pokud v\u00fdrok Va\u0161emu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u011b odporuje, dejte mu -4 body. Pokud Va\u0161emu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed odporuje, ale slab\u011bji, dejte mu m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1porn\u00fdch bod\u016f. Pokud ve V\u00e1s v\u00fdrok nic nevyvol\u00e1v\u00e1, dejte mu 0 bod\u016f.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;CAPI je zkratka pro anglick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed&nbsp;<em>computer assisted personal interviewing<\/em>, jde o osobn\u00ed dotazov\u00e1n\u00ed s&nbsp;podporou po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. V&nbsp;na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poskytoval tazatel\u016fm podporu tablet, na kter\u00e9m vypl\u0148ovali p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 dotazn\u00edky. Tablet kontroloval platnost filtr\u016f, umo\u017enil zn\u00e1hodnit po\u0159ad\u00ed polo\u017eek u vybran\u00fdch bateri\u00ed ot\u00e1zek, zobrazil podp\u016frn\u00e9 karty pro respondenty atp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;PQMethod automaticky p\u0159i\u0159azuje jeden Q sort k&nbsp;pr\u00e1v\u011b jednomu faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed absolutn\u00ed hodnoty z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.evaltep.cz\/inpage\/vyuziti-q-metodologie-pro-konstrukci-vlastniho-mericiho-nastroje\/#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;Pozor! Tento \u00fadaj je velmi p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fd, t\u00fdk\u00e1 se pouze na\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumu a uv\u00e1d\u00edme jej pouze pro p\u0159ibli\u017enou \u010dten\u00e1\u0159ovu p\u0159edstavu, v&nbsp;jak\u00e9m prostoru hodnot se p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b nach\u00e1zely n\u00e1mi nalezen\u00e9 hodnoty. PQMethod z-scores rozhodn\u011b neumis\u0165uje na arbitr\u00e1rn\u011b stanovenou \u0161k\u00e1lu -3\/+3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The paper shows how to use the Q methodology for constructing own measuring tools. The Q methodology is complex technique of data collection and analysis for the most objective researching of subjectivities. We demonstrate the construction of our own measuring tool on example of religious collective memory in close detail. We use set of 48 sentences taken from daily press from years 2010\u20132013, the selection of sentences is based on a key-word search and discussions of the research team. These sentences involve important Czech historical persons, events, places and holidays; one half of sentences reflects religious interpretation, and the other half is strictly non-religious. The set is rated by 46 participants sampled intentionally. We use their ratings for an extraction of two subjectivities and we construct a Likert scale for each subjectivity. We use scales for a survey questionnaire. We administer the survey in two rounds, in the first round we ask a random sample of 1004 respondents and in the second round we ask a sample of 311 children or parents of respondents from the first round. We select respondents for the first round by random stratified sampling, strata are based on the region and size of settlement of residence. In the second round, we address almost all contacts received in the first round. Our survey results showed that the constructed scales allowed us the comparison of generations, but it was not possible to tell which subjectivity was the most dominant in the population.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1534"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1536,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1534\/revisions\/1536"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1534"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaltep.xcreative.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}